GCKR gene functional variants in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: do the rare variants associate with increased carotid intima-media thickness?

Table 1 Clinical and biochemical features of the patients with T2DM, MS and control subjects.

	Controls n = 172	T2DM n = 321	MS n = 455	p-value
Gender (male/female)	49/123	172/149	200/255	< 0.001
Age (years)	56.5 ± 15.2	61.3 ± 12.2	61.7 ± 10.7	< 0.001*
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.9 ± 2.15	29.5 ± 5.87	33.3 ± 5.48	< 0.001*^#
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	N/A	8.70 (2.30-22.8)	9.00 (3.00-30.8)	0.249
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.78 ± 1.10	5.16 ± 1.25	5.37 ± 0.94	< 0.001^†
Serum LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)	N/A	2.74 ± 0.86	2.83 ± 0.84	0.256
Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)	N/A	1.19 (0.55-2.12)	1.23 (0.55-2.49)	< 0.001
Serum triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.50 (0.50-3.60)	1.62 (0.35-14.8)	1.98 (0.35-14.48)	< 0.001^#†
CIMT (mm)	N/A	0.88 ± 0.44	1.22 ± 0.74	0.265
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	N/A	130 (87.0-210)	140 (70.0-200)	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	N/A	80.0 (50.0-130)	80.0 (60.0-137)	< 0.001
Hypertension (%)	22.7	77.5	90.4	< 0.001*
Coronary heart disease (%)	4.1	25.3	25.4	< 0.001*

CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; N/A: data not available; MS: metabolic syndrome, T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; * Controls vs. T2DM and MS; # T2DM vs. MS; † Controls vs. MS; Data are means ± SD or median (minimum-maximum) as appropriate.

ISSN: 1475-2840