|
Characteristic
|
Controls
|
T1D patients
|
Siblings
|
|---|
|
Age (years)
|
46 ± 12
|
46 ± 10
|
45 ± 10
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
24 ± 3
|
25 ± 4
|
26 ± 5*
|
|
Office SBP (mmHg)
|
117 ± 9
|
126 ± 14•
|
118 ± 21
|
|
Office DBP (mmHg)
|
79 ± 4
|
79 ± 9
|
82 ± 12
|
|
Never smoker/smoker/ex
|
14/6/5
|
11/4/5
|
13/2/5
|
|
Deep Breathing (E:I)
|
1.36 ± 0.14
|
1.33 ± 0.12
|
1.36 ± 0.17
|
|
Lying to Standing (30:15)
|
1.42 ± 0.39
|
1.20 ± 0.14*
|
1.45 ± 0.28‡
|
|
Valsalva ratio
|
2.07 ± 0.70
|
1.68 ± 0.33*
|
1.95 ± 0.46†
|
|
Standing ΔSBP
|
[-5, -20 +10]
|
[-10, -45 +10]
|
[-8, -30 +10]
|
- Data are mean ± SD or [median, range]. *p < 0.05, •p < 0.01, ¶p < 0.001 comparing T1D or their siblings vs. normal control subjects; †p < 0.05, ‡p < 0.01, #p < 0.001 comparing siblings vs. T1D.
- BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Standing ΔSBP, orthostatic fall in SBP.
