Electrocardiographic changes with the onset of diabetes and the impact of aerobic exercise training in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat

Table 1 Animal characteristics at baseline and termination

	Sedentary Control (SC) n = 10		Sedentary Diabetic (SD) n = 12		Exercised Control (EC) n = 12		Exercised Diabetic (ED) n = 10
	Baseline	Term	Baseline	Term	Baseline	Term	Baseline	Term
Body weight (g)	326 ± 13	381 ± 13	409 ± 34^{a, b, f}	457 ± 41^{a, b, f}	309 ± 30^{c, f}	366 ± 22^{c, f}	374 ± 24^{b, c, e}	390 ± 23^{b, c}
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	115 ± 9	145 ± 9	433 ± 144^{a, f}	579 ± 35^{a, f}	111 ± 11^{c, f}	156 ± 12^{c, f}	491 ± 136^c	584 ± 22^{c, e}
HbA1c (%)	ND	4.2 ± 0.3	ND	13.0 ± 0.0^{a, f}	ND	4.7 ± 0.3^{c, d, f}	ND	13.0 ± 0.0^{c, e}
Heart rate (bpm)	355 ± 148	416 ± 190	393 ± 68	423 ± 84	358 ± 139	408 ± 100	397 ± 73	413 ± 81
Heart weight (g)	1.24 ± 0.12		1.29 ± 0.09^f		1.15 ± 0.08^{d, f}		1.22 ± 0.10
Heart weight/Body weight (mg/g)	3.27 ± 0.04		3.02 ± 0.03		3.16 ± 0.02		3.09 ± 0.03

Data are means ± SEs for each group with n as indicated. Statistical significance: Between group differences at baseline or termination (term) of p ≤ 0.05; ND - not determined; ^aSC vs SD, ^bSD vs ED, ^cEC vs ED, ^dSC vs EC, ^eSC vs ED and ^fSD vs EC.

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