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Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the study cohort overall and by diabetic status

From: Incremental cardiovascular costs and resource use associated with diabetes: an assessment of 29,863 patients in the US managed-care setting

Parameter

All Patients

(n = 29,863)

Patients with Diabetes*

(n = 5,501)

Patients without Diabetes*

(n = 24,362)

P-value‡

Age, mean (SD), years

55.54 (12.05)

57.83 (11.00)

55.03 (12.22)

< 0.0001

Female, n (%)

11,097 (37.2)

2,316 (42.1)

8,781 (36.0)

< 0.0001

Follow-up, mean (SD), days

694 (348)

687 (353)

695 (347)

0.12

Plan type, n (%)

   

< 0.0001

   HMO

12,167 (40.7)

2,444 (44.4)

9,723 (39.9)

 

   PPO

11,356 (38.0)

1,941 (35.3)

9,415 (38.6)

 

   Unknown

306 (1.0)

48 (0.9)

258 (1.1)

 

Plan payer type, n (%)

   

< 0.0001

   Commercial

22,270 (74.6)

3,841 (69.8)

18,429 (75.6)

 

   Medicare risk

4,199 (14.1)

974 (17.7)

3,225 (13.2)

 

   Unknown

1,587 (5.3)

222 (4.0)

1,365 (5.6)

 

CCI, mean (SD)

0.56 (1.12)

1.61 (1.22)

0.32 (0.94)

< 0.0001

Pre-index comorbidities, n (%)

    

   Hypertension

11,648 (39.0)

3,408 (62.0)

8,240 (33.8)

< 0.0001

   Dyslipidemia

8,976 (30.1)

2,642 (48.0)

6,334 (26.0)

< 0.0001

   Diabetes

5,501 (18.4)

5,501 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

-

Pre-index medications, n (%)

    

   Statins

4,749 (15.9)

1,708 (31.0)

3,041 (12.5)

< 0.0001

   ACE inhibitors

4,027 (13.5)

1,805 (32.8)

2,222 (9.1)

< 0.0001

   ARBs

1,316 (4.4)

473 (8.6)

843 (3.5)

< 0.0001

   β-blockers

4,045 (13.5)

1,086 (19.7)

2,959 (12.1)

< 0.0001

   Calcium channel blockers

3,070 (10.3)

970 (17.6)

2,100 (8.6)

< 0.0001

   Diuretics

2,919 (9.8)

849 (15.4)

2,070 (8.5)

< 0.0001

Index CV event type†

    

   CABG

1,904 (6.4)

412 (7.5)

1,492 (6.1)

0.0002

   Other CV procedure

8,613 (28.8)

1,417 (25.8)

7,196 (29.5)

< 0.0001

   Myocardial infarction

9,231 (30.9)

1,420 (25.8)

7,811 (32.1)

< 0.0001

   Heart failure

2,244 (7.5)

686 (12.5)

1,558 (6.4)

< 0.0001

   Angina

1,651 (5.5)

315 (5.7)

1,336 (5.5)

0.48

   Other IHD

11,258 (37.7)

2,011 (36.6)

9,247 (38.0)

0.053

   Ischemic stroke

2,634 (8.8)

552 (10.0)

2,082 (8.5)

0.0004

   TIA/other CVA

2,324 (7.8)

395 (7.2)

1,929 (7.9)

0.07

   PVD

164 (0.5)

38 (0.7)

126 (0.5)

0.12

  1. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CV, cardiovascular; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; HMO, Health Maintenance Organization; IHD, ischemic heart disease; PPO, Preferred Provider Organization; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
  2. *History of diabetes in the pre-index period. †Index hospitalization may be categorized into multiple events if it had both a cardiovascular diagnosis and procedure. ‡P-values for comparison of patients with vs. without diabetes; χ2 test for categorical variables, and t-test for continuous variables
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840