a – Studies on compliance/persistence with treatment (Part 1) | |||||
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References | Database | Study design | Definitions | Patients | Baseline |
Bloom 1998 [15] USA 21,723 pts. | Bloom cohort study, longitudinal database with pharmacy administrative claims [15] | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Persistence: at least 3 refills over 1 year Switch: no initial AH drug but other AH Discontinued: ≤ 2 refills | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy, and no treatment within the 12 month before | Mean age: 56 y Male: 44.1% Initial drug class: ARBs: 2.6% ACEi: 26.9% CCBs: 23.4% BBs: 23.0% Diuretics: 24.1% |
Rizzo 1996 [27] USA Pts. not available | National Medical Expenditure Survey 1987 | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | not available | Patients with chronic illnesses including hypertension | Age range 18–64 y |
Rizzo 1997 [25] USA 7,211 pts. | Pennsylvania Medicaid Management Information System | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Compliance: estimated | Patients with a treatment for hypertension (monotherapy) | Mean age: 59.4 y Male: 29% Initial drug class: ACEi: 32% CCBs: 49% BBs: 11% Diuretics: 8% |
Hughes 1998 [26] UK 7,741 pts. | MEDIPLUS database | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 26 months follow-up | Persistence: patients continuing therapy at 6 months | Patients with new antihypertensive treatment | Not available |
Conlin 2001 [18] USA 15,175 pts. | Bloom cohort study, longitudinal database with pharmacy administrative claims [15] | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 + 3 year follow-up | Persistence: at least 3 refills over 1 year Switch: no initial AH drug but other AH Discontinued: ≤ 2 refills | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy, and no treatment within the 12 month before | Mean age: 56 y Male: 45% Initial drug class: ARBs: 3.0% ACEi: 29.2% CCBs: 25.6% BBs: 25.1% Diuretics: 17.1% |
Hasford 2002 [36] Germany, France, UK 2,416 pts. | IMS MediPlus | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Persistence: 4 refills over 1 year Switch: no initial AH drug but other AH Discontinued: stopped refill for at least 30 days after medication ran out | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy, no previous treatment | Mean age: 61 Male: ~50% Initial drug class: ARBs: 31.2% ACEi: 13.8% CCBs: 19.3% BBs: 18.3% Diuretics: 17.5% |
Degli Esposti 2001 Italy 4,614 pts. | Local Health Unit of Ravenna | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study | Patients with a first prescription for amlodipine, atenolol fosinopril, indapamide or losartan | ||
Degli Esposti 2002 [22] Italy 7,312 pts. | Local Health Unit of Ravenna | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 3 year follow-up | Continuers (persistence): at least 2 prescriptions per year over 3 years Discontinuers: at least 2 prescriptions per year for the first year only or and the second year but not in the third year | Patients with new antihypertensive drug treatment | Mean age: ~63 y Male: 43.1 Initial drug class: ARBs: 2.7% ACEi: 33.1% CCBs: 25.7% BBs: 15.9% Diuretics: 22.6% |
b – Studies on compliance/persistence with treatment (Part 2) | |||||
References | Database | Study design | Definitions | Patients | Baseline |
Degli Esposti 2004 [23] Italy 14,062 pts. | Local Health Unit of Ravenna | Prospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Persistence: therapy duration of > 273 days. | Patients with new antihypertensive drug treatment | Mean age: 56.9 y Male: 43.4% Initial drug class: ARBs: 6.9% ACEi: 28.0% CCBs: 23.8% BBs: 17.6% Diuretics: 23.8% |
Erkens 2005 [37] Netherlands 2,243 pts. | PHARMO database including pharmacy records and hospitalisation | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Persistence: drugs for at least 270 d and 3 month after the 1 year follow-up Switch: no initial AH drug but other AH Discontinued: stopped refill for at least 30 days after medication ran out | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy, no previous treatment | Mean age: most pts. (42.6%) 40–59 y Male: 43.1% Initial drug class: ARBs: 19.9% ACEi: 18.4% CCBs: 20.3% BBs: 21.0% Diuretics: 20.4% |
Sokol 2005 [24] USA 7,981 pts. | Participants of a medical and drug benefit plan sponsored by a large manufacturing employer | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Adherence was defined as the percentage of days during the analysis period that patients had a supply of 1 or more maintenance medications for the condition (based on "days' supply" data in patients' prescription claim records). | Patients being on the respective treatment for at least 12 months. | Mean age: 54.2 y Male: 53.3% |
Veronesi 2007 [19] Italy 347 pts. | Outpatients of a hypertension clinic | Prospective, longitudinal, single-blind, cohort study 2 year follow-up | Persistence: continued use of the initial AH over time | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy, no antihypertensive treatment in the last 6 month | Mean age: 59.4 y Male: 59.4% Initial drug class: ARBs: 15.2% ACEi: 17.5% CCBs: 18.1% BBs: 17.5% Diuretics: 18.1% |
Hasford 2007 [17] Germany 13,763 pts. | IMS disease analyse database | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 3 year follow-up | Persistence: continued treatment over time Discontinuation: no repeat AH drug prescription for more than 6 month | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy or a specified combination, no antihypertensive treatment in the last 6 month | Median age: 65 y Male: 44.2% Initial drug class: ARBs: 5.4% ACEi: 21.0% CCBs: 11.8% BBs: 37.3% Diuretics: 14.5% |
Patel 2007 [16] USA 242,882 pts. | Administrative pharmacy claims from MedImpact | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study 1 year follow-up | Persistence: continued treatment over time Discontinuation: no refill for 60 days after running out of pills | Patients with initiation on antihypertensive monotherapy | Median age: 54.5 y Male: 43.1% Initial drug class: ARBs: 4.2% ACEi: 32.4% CCBs: 14.9% BBs: 34.1% Diuretics: 14.4% |