Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects stratified according to the presence (MetS+) or not (MetS-) of metabolic syndrome

n (%)

74 (35.2)

136 (64.8)

-

Males/females n (%)

35 (52.7)/39 (47.3)

72 (52.9)/64 (47.1)

0.98

Age (years)

59.9 ± 7.4

60.8 ± 8.4

0.43

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.6 ± 4.8

28.8 ± 5.78

0.12

Waist (cm)

94.8 ± 11.1

103.9 ± 11.5

<0.001

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.91 ± 0.08

0.95 ± 0.069

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

128.2 ± 22.7

142.9 ± 18.4

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

74.38 ± 12.66

81.05 ± 11.32

<0.001

Pulse pressure (mm Hg)

53.8 ± 17.0

61.2 ± 15.8

0.008

Glucose (mmol/l)

9.37 ± 3.46

9.12 ± 2.68

0.63

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.55 ± 1.14

5.67 ± 1.29

0.52

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.33 ± 0.33

1.03 ± 0.22

<0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.66 ± 1.03

3.71 ± 1.09

0.91

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.14 ± 0.42

1.98 ± 1.04

<0.001

GFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

99.7 ± 26.8

107.5 ± 38.9

0.35

HOMA-IR*

3.7 (2.5–6.1)

4.9 (3.2–8.3)

0.10

Duration of diabetes (years)

10.28 ± 5.93

11.53 ± 8.78

0.31

HbA1c (%)

7.78 ± 1.68

7.55 ± 1.74

0.35

Hypertension (yes) n (%)

25 (47.2)

69 (68.3)

0.03

CAD (yes) n (%)

4 (8)

12 (12.9)

0.24

Use of stains (yes) n (%)

9 (12.2)

35 (25.7)

0.02

Any retinopathy (yes) n (%)

5 (6.8)

19 (14.5)

0.08

Microalbuminuria (yes) n (%)

16 (32)

47 (51.1)

0.01

Treatment for diabetes n (%)

0.49

   Diet alone

8 (10.8)

22 (16.4)

   Antidiabetic tablets

54 (73)

88 (65.7)

   Insulin

12 (16.2)

24 (17.9)