Positive Regulators | Negative Regulators |
---|---|
Minerals: Ca ++ Pi, Phosphate/Pit-1 → Cbfa-1 | Fetuin-A |
Vitamin D | |
BMP-2 Bone morphogenic protein | MGP Matrix gammacarboxyglutamate (Gla)-protein Inhibits BMP-2 |
Warfarin | |
Warfarin may also cause skin necrosis similar to CPLX via an impairment of Protein C with thrombosis in venules resulting in subcutaneous ischemia and Vitamin K – GLA inhibition. | GLA gammacarboxyglutamate |
Inflammation: TNFalpha, IL-6 | IL-10 |
Oxidized – retained – modified lipids (OxLDL-C, OxVLDL beta lipoproteins) and Low alpha lipoproteins: HDL-C | Osteopontin: OPN (may be a positive and negative regulator) |
ROS Oxidative-Redox Stress | Osteoprotegerin OPG? Elevated in human atherosclerosis and CVD yet paradoxically when you have a mouse model with knockout of OPG there is increased osteoporosis and VOC. |
A-FLIGHT TOXICITIES (table 3) | |
Glucose | |
Hormones: Insulin, IGF-1, Amylin, Leptin, and PTH | |
I or II Hyperparathyroidism | |
HYPOXIA activates hypoxia inducible factor Hif-1, ROS → Vascular angiogenesis Vasa Vasorum: Multipotential → Pericyte | RANK and RANKL These are involved but as with OPG the entire story is still evolving. |
PERICYTE |