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Table 1 Hormone effects on insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial function.

From: Neurohumoral stimulation in type-2-diabetes as an emerging disease concept

 

Insulin Sensitivity

Oxidative Stress

Inflammatory response

Endothelial cell function

Insulin

NA

↓ [12]

?

↑ [12]

Angiotensin 2

↓ [45]

↑ [44]

↑ [46]

↓ [49]

Aldosterone

↓ [52]

↑ [53]

↑ [53]

↓ [54]

Epinephrine

↓ [28]

↑ [37]

↑ [38]

?

Norepinephrine

↓ [28]

↑ [37]

↑ [39]

?

Endothelin 1

↓ [62]

↑ [59], [60]

↑ [61]

↓ [58]

Leptin

↓ [22]

↑ [20]

↓ [21]

↓ [20]

  1. Consequences of hormone actions on oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial-cell dysfunction were summarized from published evidence. Arrows indicate the direction of hormone-mediated changes, question marks indicate unknown effects.