From: Neurohumoral stimulation in type-2-diabetes as an emerging disease concept
 | Insulin Sensitivity | Oxidative Stress | Inflammatory response | Endothelial cell function |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin | NA | ↓ [12] | ? | ↑ [12] |
Angiotensin 2 | ↓ [45] | ↑ [44] | ↑ [46] | ↓ [49] |
Aldosterone | ↓ [52] | ↑ [53] | ↑ [53] | ↓ [54] |
Epinephrine | ↓ [28] | ↑ [37] | ↑ [38] | ? |
Norepinephrine | ↓ [28] | ↑ [37] | ↑ [39] | ? |
Endothelin 1 | ↓ [62] | ↑ [59], [60] | ↑ [61] | ↓ [58] |
Leptin | ↓ [22] | ↑ [20] | ↓ [21] | ↓ [20] |