Table 6 The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM.
| Â | A-FLIGHT toxicities | Â |
|---|---|---|
A | Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity | ROS |
| Â | Ang II (also induces PKC) | ROS |
| Â | AGEs/AFEs (advanced Glycosylation / fructosylation products) | ROS |
| Â | Antioxidant reserve compromised | ROS |
| Â | Absence of antioxidant network | ROS |
| Â | Ageing | ROS |
| Â | Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1) | ROS |
|  | Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS ] | ROS |
F | Free fatty acid toxicity | ROS |
L | Lipotoxicity | ROS |
I | Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous) | ROS |
| Â | Inflammation toxicity | ROS |
G | Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress | ROS plus |
| Â | Sorbitol / 'olyol pathway | PKC |
| Â | Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased) | Â |
H | Hypertension toxicity | ROS |
| Â | t homocysteine toxicity | ROS |
T | Triglyceride toxicity | ROS |