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Table 6 The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM.
| A-FLIGHT toxicities | ||
|---|---|---|
| A | Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity | ROS |
| Ang II (also induces PKC) | ROS | |
| AGEs/AFEs (advanced Glycosylation / fructosylation products) | ROS | |
| Antioxidant reserve compromised | ROS | |
| Absence of antioxidant network | ROS | |
| Ageing | ROS | |
| Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1) | ROS | |
| Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS ] | ROS | |
| F | Free fatty acid toxicity | ROS |
| L | Lipotoxicity | ROS |
| I | Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous) | ROS |
| Inflammation toxicity | ROS | |
| G | Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress | ROS plus |
| Sorbitol / 'olyol pathway | PKC | |
| Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased) | ||
| H | Hypertension toxicity | ROS |
| t homocysteine toxicity | ROS | |
| T | Triglyceride toxicity | ROS |
