Low levels of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol are associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Age (years)	64.0 ± 11.1 [37–79]
Gender (male/female)	17/15
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.3
Duration of diabetes (years)	11.3 ± 12.8 [1–45]
Diabetes therapy
Diet only	15 (47.0)
Sulfonylurea	9 (28.0)
Pioglitazone	5 (16.0)
Metformin	6 (19.0)
α-glucosidase inhibitor	3 (9.0)
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor	7 (22.0)
Insulin	5 (15.6)
Other treatments
Lipid-lowering drugs	13 (41.0)
Antihypertensive drugs	14 (44.0)
Current smokers	8 (25.0)
Prevalence cardiovascular disease	7 (22.0)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	135.1 ± 20.0
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78.3 ± 12.5
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	121.3 ± 23.8
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	50.5 ± 16.9
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	119.8 ± 60.1
HbA1c (%)	7.3 ± 0.5 [6.2-7.9]
1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (μg/ml)	7.4 ± 3.5 [2.6-15.3]
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)	128.1 ± 25.3 [75–185]
Immunoreactive insulin (μU/ml)^a	8.4 ± 8.6
HOMA-IR^a	2.6 ± 2.4
L_RHI	0.6 ± 0.2

Data are mean ± SD [range], n, or (%). ^an = 27.
LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance; L_RHI, the natural logarithmic scaled reactive hyperemia index.

ISSN: 1475-2840