Table 1 Summary of characteristics of the study population

Age, years

56 ± 5

-

63 ± 2

-

Gender (Male/Female)

6/4

-

9/7

-

Body mass index, kg/m²

28.1 ± 1.4

27.4 ± 1.0

24.9 ± 1.2

24.9 ± 1.2

Waist circumference, cm

99.4 ± 2.9

97.2 ± 3.0

88.8 ± 3.4*

89.0 ± 3.2

Duration of DM, (years)

3.8 ± 1.3

-

4.8 ± 1.1

-

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

156 ± 10

141 ± 6

142 ± 6

134 ± 6

Hemoglobin A1c, (%)

7.8 ± 0.4

7.0 ± 0.2^¶

7.5 ± 0.2

6.8 ± 0.2^¶

Glycoalbumin, %

18.2 ± 0.8

16.2 ± 0.9^¶

18.9 ± 0.8

16.5 ± 0.6^¶

1.5AG, μg/mL

6.4 ± 1.2

9.7 ± 1.9^¶

8.5 ± 1.4

12.9 ± 1.8^¶

HOMA-IR, units

5.02 ± 2.1

3.21 ± 0.9

2.0 ± 0.3

1.7 ± 0.3

HOMA-Iβ, units

45.6 ± 12.1

43.3 ± 11.3

29.7 ± 5.7

28.4 ± 5.0

Insulinogenic index

0.11 ± 0.03

0.15 ± 0.04^¶

0.12 ± 0.02

0.14 ± 0.04

Anti-diabetic therapy

 Diet and Excise only, n (%)

9 (90%)

0 (0%)

10 (62.5%)

0 (0%)

 Sulfonylurea (SU), n (%)

0 (0%)

5 (50%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 Biguanide (BG), n (%)

0 (0%)

3 (30%)

4 (25%)

0 (0%)

 SU and BG, n (%)

1 (10%)

2 (20%)

2 (12.5%)

0 (10%)

 Sitagliptin, only, n (%)

-

-

-

10 (62.5%)

Sitagliptin and BG, n (%)

-

-

-

4 (25%)

Sitagliptin, SU and BG, n (%)

-

-

-

2 (12.5%)

Hypertension, n (%)

5 (50%)

-

13 (81%)

-

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

129 ± 3

132 ± 5

145 ± 6

133 ± 3

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

78 ± 5

79 ± 3

80 ± 3

76 ± 2

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

4 (40%)

-

8 (50%)

-

Triglyceride, mg/dL

228 ± 39

185 ± 30^¶

157 ± 26

135 ± 17

HDL-C, mg/dL

51 ± 4

50 ± 4

58 ± 2

57 ± 3

LDL-C, mg/dL

130 ± 12

124 ± 11

119 ± 7

111 ± 7

Medications

 ACEI or ARB, n (%)

2 (20%)

9 (56.3%)

 CCBs, n (%)

1 (10%)

5 (31.3%)

 Statins, n (%)

1 (10%)

4 (25%)

 Antiplatelet drugs, n (%)

0 (0%)

2 (12.5%)