Multiple risk factor intervention reduces carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Changes in cardiovascular risk factors

	Baseline (n = 97)	3 months (n = 94)	2 years (n = 77)	p-value (baseline to 3 months)	p-value (baseline to 2 years)
*Traditional risk factors*
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.93 ± 1.11	4.28 ± 1.11	4.54 ± 1.29	<0.001	0.007
Low density lipoproteins (mmol/l)	2.79 ± 1.11	1.96 ± 1.01	2.40 ± 1.11	<0.001	0.008
High density lipoproteins (mmol/l)	1.14 ± 0.36	1.26 ± 0.34	1.24 ± 0.36	<0.001	0.001 ^*
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.86	1.46	1.64	<0.001	0.205
	(1.31 – 2.66)	(1.06 – 2.23)	(1.27 -2.52)
ApoA1 (g/l)	1.43 ± 0.22	1.46 ± 0.23	-	0.065	-
ApoB (g/l)	0.94 ± 0.23	0.81 ± 0.25	-	<0.001	-
Blood pressure systolic (mmHg)	154 ± 17	135 ± 12	139 ± 16	<0.001	<0.001 ^*
Blood pressure diastolic (mmHg)	90 ± 9	82 ± 8	86 ± 16	<0.001	0.005
HbA_1c % (mmol/mol)	8.2 ± 1.1	7.2 ± 0.9	7.7 ± 1.1	<0.001	0.001
	(66 ± 12)	(54 ± 14)	(61 ± 12)
Fasting blood glucose	9.9 ± 2.7	8.1 ± 2.3	-	<0.001	-
2h blood glucose (mmol/l)	18.2 ± 4.9	16.0 ± 4.5		<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	31.8 ± 4.7	31.4 ± 5.3	31.2 ± 4.6	0.465	0.807
*Biomarkers*
RHI	1.70	1.59	-	0.072	-
	(1.46 – 2.08)	(1.38 – 1.94)
CD133 + VEGF-R2 (per 10⁶ lymphomonocytes)	15	17	-	0.164	-
	(7 – 28)	(9-32)
ADMA (μM/L)	0.625 ± 0.080	0.627 ± 0.075	-	0.835	-
SDMA (μM/L)	0.562 ± 0.131	0.599 ± 0.145	-	0.001	-
hsCRP (mg/L)	3.5	2.2	-	<0.001	-
	(2.1 – 5.9)	(1.2 – 4.1)
NTproBNP (pg/mL)	104.8 ± 121.7	97.7 ± 103.6	-	0.412	-

Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or, in the case of a skewed distribution, as medians (interquartile ranges).
NTproBNP = N-terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide; HbA_1c = glycated haemoglobin A1c; HOMA–IR = Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; BMI = body mass index; ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA = symmetric dimethylarginine; hsCRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; RHI = Reactive hyperaemia Index; *p-value for trend ≤0.05.

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