|
Number of patients
|
127,383
|
183,486
|
80,845
|
39,430
|
35,017
|
26,369
|
|
Patient characteristics
| | | | | | |
|
Age at ARBs initiation (mean ± SD)
|
59.55 ± 14.39
|
60.00 ± 14.41
|
59.20 ± 14.39
|
59.67 ± 14.35
|
58.82 ± 14.12
|
58.45 ± 14.28
|
|
Male (%)
|
52.64
|
52.88
|
54.12
|
52.88
|
52.67
|
54.96
|
|
Initiation year (%)
| | | | | | |
|
2004
|
21.16
|
23.23
|
25.33
|
7.22
|
21.06
|
0.88
|
|
2005
|
14.87
|
18.52
|
18.68
|
10.06
|
15.53
|
9.15
|
|
2006
|
11.54
|
15.59
|
15.97
|
17.58
|
13.72
|
14.77
|
|
2007
|
12.52
|
14.84
|
14.27
|
21.41
|
16.91
|
20.40
|
|
2008
|
19.21
|
13.60
|
13.42
|
22.74
|
16.57
|
27.46
|
|
2009
|
20.71
|
14.23
|
12.33
|
20.99
|
16.20
|
27.34
|
|
Comorbidities (%)
| | | | | | |
|
Hypertension
|
87.05
|
88.36
|
88.68
|
85.87
|
90.72
|
91.20
|
|
Ischemic heart disease
|
19.19
|
20.78
|
19.80
|
27.30
|
19.76
|
18.22
|
|
Myocardial infarction
|
0.91
|
1.03
|
0.90
|
1.24
|
0.76
|
0.53
|
|
Heart failure
|
5.31
|
6.21
|
5.15
|
8.34
|
3.99
|
3.30
|
|
Atrial fibrillation
|
2.37
|
2.19
|
2.18
|
3.06
|
1.35
|
1.21
|
|
Cerebrovascular disease
|
11.01
|
14.17
|
14.68
|
11.32
|
11.91
|
11.08
|
|
Ischemic stroke
|
6.08
|
7.72
|
8.06
|
5.91
|
5.88
|
5.74
|
|
Intracerebral hemorrhage
|
1.13
|
2.30
|
2.16
|
1.36
|
1.53
|
1.39
|
|
Peripheral vascular disease
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
|
Chronic renal failure
|
3.48
|
3.15
|
4.28
|
2.10
|
2.51
|
2.24
|
|
Chronic liver disease
|
10.62
|
10.37
|
10.55
|
10.99
|
10.42
|
10.12
|
|
Chronic lung disease
|
17.12
|
18.04
|
16.80
|
17.22
|
16.22
|
16.43
|
|
Depression
|
4.08
|
4.28
|
4.30
|
4.18
|
4.18
|
4.00
|
|
Charlson’s index (mean ± SD)
|
0.78 ± 1.03
|
0.83 ± 1.05
|
0.84 ± 1.06
|
0.78 ± 1.01
|
0.73 ± 0.99
|
0.68 ± 0.95
|
|
Number of different ICD-9 diagnoses (mean ± SD)
|
13.62 ± 7.69
|
13.74 ± 7.74
|
13.37 ± 7.57
|
13.63 ± 7.70
|
13.21 ± 7.54
|
13.21 ± 7.59
|
|
Number of cardiovascular-related diagnoses (mean ± SD)
|
1.60 ± 1.10
|
1.71 ± 1.15
|
1.70 ± 1.15
|
1.79 ± 1.15
|
1.66 ± 1.07
|
1.59 ± 1.01
|
|
Medication use (%)
| | | | | | |
|
Aspirin
|
28.39
|
31.83
|
29.27
|
31.48
|
27.88
|
27.62
|
|
Clopidogrel
|
2.32
|
2.90
|
3.12
|
3.83
|
2.28
|
1.85
|
|
Warfarin
|
1.36
|
1.33
|
1.25
|
1.66
|
0.92
|
0.86
|
|
Alpha-blockers
|
4.99
|
5.04
|
5.50
|
4.30
|
5.24
|
4.97
|
|
Beta-blockers
|
40.82
|
43.54
|
45.64
|
47.42
|
44.46
|
41.56
|
|
Calcium channel blockers
|
56.13
|
59.86
|
61.55
|
60.50
|
60.12
|
62.00
|
|
Diuretics
|
26.63
|
27.82
|
27.89
|
26.65
|
24.85
|
23.47
|
|
Other anti-hypertensive agents
|
1.54
|
1.84
|
2.04
|
1.48
|
1.68
|
1.56
|
|
Nitrates
|
10.87
|
12.83
|
11.68
|
15.74
|
10.91
|
9.79
|
|
Statins
|
12.02
|
11.81
|
13.64
|
15.55
|
13.16
|
12.21
|
|
Fibrates
|
4.17
|
4.22
|
4.54
|
4.45
|
4.70
|
4.08
|
|
Digitalis glycoside
|
3.15
|
3.40
|
2.64
|
3.45
|
2.08
|
1.72
|
|
Antiarrhythmics class I and III
|
3.30
|
3.33
|
3.35
|
4.15
|
2.52
|
2.43
|
|
COX-2 non-selective NSAIDs
|
76.74
|
75.97
|
74.47
|
73.31
|
74.47
|
75.58
|
|
COX-2 selective NSAIDs
|
7.49
|
8.24
|
8.47
|
7.32
|
7.12
|
5.94
|
|
Number of different prescription drugs (mean ± SD)
|
24.46 ± 15.72
|
25.41 ± 16.34
|
24.48 ± 15.93
|
23.69 ± 15.46
|
23.62 ± 15.61
|
23.48 ± 15.32
|
|
Number of cardiovascular-related medications (mean ± SD)
|
3.53 ± 2.20
|
3.76 ± 2.32
|
3.79 ± 2.31
|
3.83 ± 2.32
|
3.65 ± 2.23
|
3.58 ± 2.20
|
|
Resource utilization (mean ± SD)
| | | | | | |
|
Number of A1C measurement
|
0.04 ± 0.20
|
0.04 ± 0.19
|
0.05 ± 0.21
|
0.06 ± 0.24
|
0.05 ± 0.21
|
0.04 ± 0.21
|
|
Number of lipid-related lab test
|
1.12 ± 1.47
|
1.20 ± 1.48
|
1.42 ± 1.53
|
1.68 ± 1.59
|
1.47 ± 1.56
|
1.37 ± 1.57
|
|
Number of cardiac ultrasound examination
|
0.15 ± 0.42
|
0.17 ± 0.46
|
0.18 ± 0.49
|
0.34 ± 0.65
|
0.19 ± 0.47
|
0.15 ± 0.44
|
|
Number of outpatient visits
|
25.62 ± 20.22
|
25.40 ± 20.37
|
24.96 ± 19.83
|
25.21 ± 19.99
|
24.32 ± 19.51
|
24.38 ± 20.08
|
|
Number of emergency department visit
|
0.41 ± 1.01
|
0.49 ± 1.20
|
0.47 ± 1.09
|
0.48 ± 1.21
|
0.42 ± 1.00
|
0.43 ± 0.97
|
|
Number of cardiology outpatient visits
|
1.59 ± 3.67
|
1.73 ± 3.70
|
2.15 ± 4.08
|
3.01 ± 4.62
|
2.09 ± 3.96
|
1.69 ± 3.57
|
|
Number of cardiovascular-related physician visits
|
5.82 ± 6.75
|
6.08 ± 6.98
|
6.23 ± 6.85
|
6.35 ± 6.88
|
5.98 ± 6.84
|
5.77 ± 6.68
|
|
Coronary revascularization %
|
0.44
|
0.57
|
0.49
|
1.03
|
0.39
|
0.49
|
|
Number of hospitalizations
|
0.23 ± 0.63
|
0.29 ± 0.69
|
0.28 ± 0.66
|
0.27 ± 0.64
|
0.22 ± 0.61
|
0.25 ± 0.65
|
|
Number of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular-related diseases
|
0.13 ± 0.43
|
0.17 ± 0.48
|
0.16 ± 0.47
|
0.16 ± 0.45
|
0.13 ± 0.43
|
0.14 ± 0.44
|
|
Number of hospital days
|
2.47 ± 16.01
|
3.01 ± 16.33
|
2.79 ± 14.54
|
2.46 ± 13.96
|
2.15 ± 13.53
|
2.57 ± 17.20
|
|
Number of cardiovascular-related hospital days
|
1.23 ± 8.39
|
1.69 ± 9.61
|
1.61 ± 8.82
|
1.34 ± 6.89
|
1.17 ± 7.32
|
1.35 ± 9.37
|
