Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects by gender

Age (years)

56.0 ± 9.1

55.5 ± 8.8

56.4 ± 9.6

0.699

52.9 ± 9.5

51.2 ± 9.3

54.6 ± 9.4

0.071

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.3 ± 1.3

22.4 ± 1.3

24.2 ± 0.6

<0.001

22.3 ± 1.8

21.1 ± 1.5

23.5 ± 1.0

<0.001

Waist to hip ratio

0.94 ± 0.04

0.91 ± 0.04

0.97 ± 0. 02

<0.001

0.82 ± 0.05

0.79 ± 0.05

0.84 ± 0.02

<0.001

Body fat (%)

23.4 ± 4.1

20.2 ± 3.6

26.5 ± 1.0

<0.001

29.6 ± 3.8

26.6 ± 2.9

32.6 ± 1.4

<0.001

Body fat (kg)

15.5 ± 3.2

13.2 ± 2.6

17.9 ± 1.5

<0.001

16.6 ± 3.0

14.5 ± 2.5

18.7 ± 1.7

<0.001

Visceral fat (kg)

2.3 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.5

2.8 ± 0.2

<0.001

1.8 ± 0.5

1.4 ± 0.4

2.3 ± 0.3

<0.001

Subcutaneous fat (kg)

13.1 ± 2.6

11.3 ± 2.2

15.0 ± 1.3

<0.001

14.7 ± 2.6

13.0 ± 2.2

16.5 ± 1.5

<0.001

Muscle mass (kg)

47.0 ± 4.6

48.1 ± 4.7

45.9 ± 4.2

0.047

36.1 ± 3.1

36.6 ± 3.4

35.6 ± 2.8

0.122

Systolic BP (mmHg)

125.0 ± 13.7

122.5 ± 13.6

127.6 ± 13.4

0.134

119.8 ± 15.3

116.1 ± 14.9

123.5 ± 15.0

0.017

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

78.9 ± 8.2

77.9 ± 8.3

79.9 ± 8.2

0.319

74.6 ± 9.7

72.5 ± 9.6

76.7 ± 9.5

0.031

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.43 ± 0.66

5.09 ± 0.48

5.76 ± 0.66

<0.001

5.12 ± 0.62

4.90 ± 0.42

5.33 ± 0.71

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.7 ± 0.5

5.6 ± 0.4

5.8 ± 0.6

0.245

5.6 ± 0.5

5.5 ± 0.5

5.6 ± 0.5

0.213

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.03 ± 0.95

5.14 ± 1.01

4.93 ± 0.91

0.364

5.19 ± 0.95

5.10 ± 0.84

5.29 ± 0.86

0.283

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.36 ± 0.71

0.19 ± 0.68

1.53 ± 0.71

0.048

1.36 ± 0.71

1.19 ± 0.68

1.53 ± 0.71

0.010

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.22 ± 0.26

1.31 ± 0.29

1.12 ± 0.20

0.004

1.48 ± 0.31

1.56 ± 0.35

1.41 ± 0.24

0.016

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.14 ± 0.85

3.18 ± 0. 89

3.11 ± 0.83

0.756

3.15 ± 0.77

0.04 ± 0.75

3.26 ± 0.79

0.155

CRP (mg/L)

2.4 ± 4.50

1.8 ± 5.1

2.9 ± 4.0

0.322

1.1 ± 1.3

0.8 ± 0.7

1.4 ± 1.6

0.026

AST (IU/L)

24.9 ± 11.6

25.7 ± 14.7

24.1 ± 7.5

0.593

20.6 ± 5.7

20.0 ± 5.6

21.3 ± 5.9

0.271

ALT (IU/L)

27.9 ± 15.0

24.7 ± 12.2

31.1 ± 16.9

0.083

19.6 ± 13.2

18.0 ± 10.5

21.2 ± 15.4

0.239

Fatty Liver (N,%)

29 (44.0)

7 (21.2)

22 (66.7)

<0.001

24 (24.5)

7 (14.7)

17 (34.7)

0.019

Antihypertension drug (N, (%))

15 (22.7)

6 (18.2)

9 (27.3)

0.378

9 (9.2)

4 (8.1)

5 (10.2)

>0.999

Statin (N,%)

7 (10.6)

2 (6.1)

5 (15.2)

0.427

7 (7.1)

6 (12.2)

1 (2.0)

0.111

Antiplatelet agent (N,%)

7 (10.6)

1 (21.2)

6 (12.1)

0.105

8 (8.1)

6 (12.2)

2 (4.1)

0.268