From: High glucose induces human endothelial dysfunction through an Axl-dependent mechanism
 | NGT | IGT | Type 2 Diabetes | *P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | (n = 100) | (n = 96) | (n = 104) |  |
Age (years) | 51.3 ± 1.46 | 55.1 ± 1.35 | 53.8 ± 1.28 | 0.032 |
Sex (M/F) | 45/55 | 36/60 | 59/45 | 0.005 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Systolic | 119.4 ± 1.56 | 124.7 ± 1.69 | 126.8 ± 1.78 | 0.005‡ |
 Diastolic | 75.4 ± 0.82 | 77.6 ± 1.24 | 83.2 ± 1.13 | 0.006‡ |
OGTT glucose (mmol/L) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Fasting glucose | 5.03 ± 0.08 | 5.48 ± 0.12 | 8.34 ± 0.38 | <0.001‡ |
 2 h glucose | 6.30 ± 0.06 | 10.13 ± 0.11 | 17.1 ± 0.36 | <0.001‡ |
HbA1C (%) | 5.5 ± 0.02 | 6.1 ± 0.06 | 8.4 ± 0.13 | <0.001‡ |
HOMA-IR§ | 2.02 ± 0.18 | 3.42 ± 0.22 | 4.89 ± 0.28 | <0.001‡ |
Endothelial dysfunction markers | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 E-selectin (ng/ml) | 44.8 ± 1.53 | 48.5 ± 1.82 | 62.3 ± 2.32 | <0.001‡ |
 VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | 518.2 ± 32.12 | 514.2 ± 36.81 | 668.4 ± 39.23 | 0.005‡ |
 ICAM-1 (ng/ml) | 245.2 ± 8.78 | 246.2 ± 8.61 | 295.2 ± 9.52 | <0.001‡ |
Gas6 (ng/ml)§ | 15.2 ± 0.42 | 13.5 ± 0.48 | 11.2 ± 0.31 | 0.002‡ |