Thresholds of various glycemic measures for diagnosing diabetes based on prevalence of retinopathy in community-dwelling Japanese subjects: the Hisayama Study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of subjects, 2007-2008

Variable	Total	No retinopathy	Diabetic retinopathy	p value
Variable	(n = 2,681)	(n = 2,629)	(n = 52)	p value
Age (years)	60 (10)	60 (10)	67 (9)	<0.001
Men (%)	44.5	43.9	75.0	<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	5.8 (1.1)	5.7 (1.0)	8.7 (2.5)	<0.001
2-hour postload glucose (mmol/l)	7.9 (3.7)	7.7 (3.4)	18.0 (5.3)	<0.001
Hemoglobin A_1c (%)	5.5 (0.7)	5.5 (0.7)	7.4 (1.4)	<0.001
(mmol/mol)	37 (8)	36 (7)	57 (15)	<0.001
Glycated albumin (%)	15.2 (2.8)	15.1 (2.4)	22.7 (6.1)	<0.001
1,5-anhydroglucitol (μg/mL)	20.2 (8.3)	20.5 (8.1)	7.7 (7.1)	<0.001
Diabetic retinopathy (%)	1.9	0	100	>0.99
Diabetes (%)	15.2	13.6	96.2	<0.001
Known diabetes (%)	10.0	8.3	94.2	<0.001
Diabetes duration (years)	9.5 (7.9)	8.3 (7.2)	14.8 (9.0)	<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.2 (3.4)	23.2 (3.4)	24.7 (3.6)	0.002
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.6 (1.4)	13.6 (1.4)	13.9 (1.5)	0.09
Anemia (%)	13.2	13.1	17.3	0.37
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	72.9 (13.9)	72.9 (13.8)	71.4 (18.6)	0.44
Renal failure (%)	0.3	0.3	0	0.99

eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. All values are given as the mean (standard deviations) or as a percentage.
Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose of ≥7.0 mmol/l, and/or 2-hour postload glucose of ≥11.1 mmol/l, and/or the use of antidiabetic medication.
Known diabetes was defined as those who were diagnosed with diabetes with or without treatment before the examination.
Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <13.0 g/dL for men and <12.0 g/dL for women.
Renal failure was defined as an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m².

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