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Table 2 Hemodynamic responses to empagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes during clamped euglycemia and hyperglycemia (mean ± SD)

From: The effect of empagliflozin on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus

 

Euglycemia

Hyperglycemia

 

Baseline

Empagliflozin

p-value

Baseline

Empagliflozin

p-value

Blood pressure

      

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

111.2 ± 8.9

108.5 ± 8.7

0.02

112.1 ± 9.8

110.6 ± 9.8

0.2797

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

63.6 ± 8.5

63.1 ± 8.1

0.6191

65.2 ± 8.3

63.8 ± 7.3

0.2497

Pulse (beats per minute)

74.2 ± 13.1

71.8 ± 13.8

0.1885

72.0 ± 11.0

70.8 ± 12.8

0.4919

Vascular parameters

      

Radial augmentation index (%)

-52.0 ± 16.1

-57.0 ± 16.7

0.0001

-47.9 ± 17.3

-52.1 ± 17.6

0.0190

Carotid radial pulse wave velocity (m/s)

7.3 ± 1.1

6.7 ± 0.9

0.0001

7.9 ± 1.1

6.9 ± 0.9

<0.0001

Carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (m/s)

5.5 ± 0.9

5.3 ± 1.0

0.1366

5.7 ± 1.1

5.2 ± 0.9

0.0017

Heart rate variability

      

RMSSD (milliseconds)

46.3 ± 22.9

53.6 ± 32.1

0.1050

58.0 ± 35.1

63.3 ± 37.7

0.3004

SDNN (milliseconds)

69.3 ± 24.0

73.8 ± 33.2

0.3278

77.7 ± 32.8

83.4 ± 32.2

0.2837

Biochemistry

      

Plasma adrenaline (nmol/L)

0.13 ± 0.07

0.12 ± 0.06

0.2946

0.13 ± 0.09

0.12 ± 0.06

0.1097

Plasma nordrenaline (nmol/L)

0.75 ± 0.35

0.76 ± 0.36

0.8985

0.77 ± 0.95

0.70 ± 0.35

0.6230