A randomised controlled trial of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Serum, HDL ₂ and HDL ₃ carotenoid antioxidants pre and post F&V intervention

Antioxidant	1 Portion (n=35)		6 Portions (n=39)		Trend for change
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	between groups
Serum (μmol/L)
α-carotene	0.028 (0.004)	0.028 (0.005)	0.029 (0.003)	0.032 (0.004)^c	0.047
β-carotene	0.10 (0.03)	0.11 (0.04)	0.13 (0.02)	0.14 (0.02)	0.520
β-cryptoxanthin	0.03 (0.01)	0.03 (0.01)	0.04 (0.005)	0.05 (0.005)^d	0.002
Lutein	0.12 (0.01)	0.12 (0.01)	0.12 (0.01)	0.15 (0.01)^c	0.030
Lycopene	0.28 (0.04)	0.31 (0.05)	0.35 (0.05)	0.34 (0.04)	0.820
Zeaxanthin	0.03 (0.003)	0.03 (0.003)	0.03 (0.003)	0.04 (0.002)	0.020
HDL ₂ (nmol/L)
α-carotene	2.3 (0.3)	2.0 (0.4)	2.8 (0.3)	3.3 (0.7)	0.351
β-carotene	5.5 (1.1)	6.3 (1.5)	7.0 (1.1)	7.8 (0.1)	0.971
β-cryptoxanthin	2.0 (0.5)	1.7 (0.5)	1.9 (0.4)	2.8 (0.5)^c	0.006
Lutein	5.5 (0.9)	5.9 (0.9)	5.9 (0.6)	7.6 (0.7)^c	0.182
Lycopene	12.1 (1.2)	10.0 (1.1)	13.6 (1.3)	12.9 (1.2)	0.914
Zeaxanthin	3.1 (0.5)	2.8 (0.5)	2.9 (0.5)	2.7 (0.3)	0.826
HDL ₃ (nmol/L)
α-carotene	8.1 (1.2)	8.5 (1.2)	7.8 (1.1)	10.8 (1.7)^d	0.008
β-carotene	23.4 (3.2)	25.9 (4.5)	19.8 (4.3)	25.7 (5.5)^c	0.399
β-cryptoxanthin	14.1 (2.4)	13.8 (1.9)	13.3 (3.1)	17.6 (2.9)^c	0.042
Lutein	6.3 (0.7)	6.5 (0.7)	6.6 (0.4)	7.2 (0.4)^c	0.012
Lycopene	33.1 (4.3)	30.3 (3.5)	29.3 (4.1)	37.2 (4.8)^c	0.016
Zeaxanthin	10.5 (0.9)	10.7 (0.9)	9.7 (1.1)	10.8 (1.2)^c	0.166

Results expressed as mean (SEM) or when data was not normally distributed as geometric mean (interquartile range).
The following subscripts indicate - a; p≤0.05 for baseline comparison between groups: b; p≤0.001 for baseline comparison between groups: c; p≤0.05 for within group comparison: d; p≤0.001 for within group comparison.

ISSN: 1475-2840