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Table 7 Independent correlates of lower limb vascular events

From: Hemoglobin A1c variability as an independent correlate of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of the Renal Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian Multicenter Study

Variables

Any lower limb vascular event

Ulceration/gangrene

 

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95% CI

P

Age, x year

1.025

1.013-1.037

<0.0001

1.033

1.017-1.048

<0.0001

Diabetes duration, x year

1.033

1.023-1.043

<0.0001

1.024

1.011-1.037

<0.0001

Gender, male

1.727

1.408-2.118

<0.0001

1.448

1.123-1.866

0.004

BMI, x unit

–

–

–

–

–

–

Smoking

  

0.008

–

–

–

  No

1.0

     

  Former

1.347

1.100-1.650

0.004

   

  Current

1.317

1.010-1.718

0.042

   

Triglycerides, x 0.0113 mmol/l

1.385

1.005-1.909

0.047

–

–

–

HDL cholesterol, x 0.259 mmol/l

0.979

0.972-0.987

<0.0001

0.985

0.976-0.994

0.001

Dyslipidemia

1.557

1.201-2.018

0.001

–

–

–

Hypertension

–

–

–

–

–

–

Diabetes treatment, n (%)

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  Diet

1.0

  

1.0

  

  OHA

1.274

0.871-1.861

0.212

1.828

1.023-3.266

0.042

  Insulin + OHA

1.146

0.710-1.848

0.577

1.669

0.845-3.296

0.140

  Insulin

2.014

1.321-3.072

0.001

2.948

1.595-5.449

0.001

Albuminuria

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  Normoalbuminuria

1.0

  

1.0

  

  Microalbuminuria

1.527

1.248-1.868

<0.0001

1.878

1.447-2.436

<0.0001

  Macroalbuminuria

1.375

0.967-1.957

0.076

2.053

1.351-3.119

0.001

eGFR (MDRD)

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2

1.0

  

1.0

  

  60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2

1.221

0.947-1.574

0.124

1.195

0.851-1.678

0.303

  30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2

2.187

1.626-2.942

<0.0001

2.104

1.430-3.097

<0.0001

  <30 ml/min/1.73 m2

2.001

1.107-3.618

0.022

2.059

1.018-4.165

0.044

Retinopathy

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  No retinopathy

1.0

  

1.0

  

  Non advanced retinopathy

1.696

1.353-2.125

<0.0001

1.880

1.403-2.520

<0.0001

  Advanced retinopathy

1.892

1.439-2.489

<0.0001

2.680

1.926-3.729

<0.0001

MODEL 1

      

  HbA 1c -MEAN, 1% increment

1.086

1.003-1.175

0.042

–

–

–

MODEL 2

      

  HbA 1c -MEAN, 1% increment

1.086

1.003-1.175

0.042

–

–

 

  HbA 1c -SD, 1% increment

1.208

0.974-1.497

0.085

1.407

1.134-1.746

0.036

MODEL 3

      

HbA 1c -MEAN

  

0.026

–

–

–

  quartile 1

1.0

     

  quartile 2

1.075

0.800-1.445

0.632

   

  quartile 3

1.466

1.101-1.953

0.009

   

  quartile 4

1.296

0.967-1.737

0.083

   

HbA 1c -SD quartiles

–

–

–

  

0.036

  quartile 1

   

1.0

  

  quartile 2

   

1.057

0.736-1.518

0.764

  quartile 3

 

–

 

1.018

0.709-1.462

0.922

  quartile 4

   

1.498

1.061-2.116

0.022

  1. Logistic regression analysis with backward variables selection of independent correlates of any lower limb vascular event and ulceration/gangrene versus no CVD. ORs of variables except HbA1c-MEAN, Hb-A1c-SD and their quartiles were determined by multivariate logistic analysis from MODEL 1. The results did not change significantly in MODEL 2 and MODEL 3.
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840