Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk

Table 3 Cross-sectional associations between intake of 100 μg of dietary phylloquinone and inflammatory or metabolic markers at baseline

	Change in inflammatory marker for 100 additional μg of dietary phylloquinone intake (95% confidence intervals)	P
C-Peptide (ng/mL)	−0.73 (−2.68 to 1.27)	0.472
Ghrelin (pg/mL)	−1.25 (−3.76 to 1.33)	0.339
GIP (pg/mL)	−0.13 (−2.98 to 2.80)	0.928
GLP-1 (ng/mL)	−1.81 (−5.40 to 1.91)	0.335
IL-6 (pg/ml)	−1.68 (−5.46 to 2.25)	0.396
Leptin (ng/mL)	−1.48 (−3.80 to 0.90)	0.221
PAI-1 (ng/mL)	−1.64 (−3.23 to −0.0)2	0.047
Resistin (ng/mL)	−1.42 (−3.61 to 0.81)	0.210
TNF (pg/mL)	−1.24 (−5.73 to 3.46)	0.598
Visfatin (ng/mL)	−1.42 (−6.54 to 3.98)	0.599
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	2.45 (−2.23 to 7.35)	0.310
Adipsin (μg/mL)	1.21 (−2.84 to 5.43)	0.563

Multivariable linear regression models were used for analysis. Data are given in % of change (95% IC). Models are adjusted for sex, age, body-mass-index, smoking (never, current, past), total energy intake (kcal/d), dietary fibre intake (g/d), dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (g/d), physical activity (kcal/d), Mediterranean Diet Score (14-item PREDIMED score, quantitative), and T2DM. GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1, IL-6 Interleukin-6, PAI-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor α.

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