Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study subjects by tertiles of change in dietary phylloquinone intake (μg/day)
Characteristics | All subjects (n=510) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||
(−718.2 to −69.9) | (−26.8 to 69.4) | (70.5 to 767.5) | ||
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Men/women, n | 80/92 | 68/107 | 78/85 | 0.194 |
Age, years | 66.8 ± 6.1 | 68.1 ± 6.2 | 66.6 ± 5.7 | 0.030 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.39 ± 3.17 | 29.21 ± 3.18 | 29.17 ± 3.05 | 0.608 |
Waist circumference, cm | 100.6 ± 8.6 | 100.5 ± 9.2 | 100.9 ± 8.9 | 0.940 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 26 (15.1) | 29 (16.6) | 16 (9.8) | 0.561 |
Type 2 diabetes, n (%), | 95 (55.2) | 100 (57.1) | 85 (52.1) | 0.650 |
Overweight/Obesity, n (%) | 159 (92.4) | 162 (92.6) | 149 (91.4) | 0.911 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 156 (90.7) | 164 (93.7) | 148 (90.8) | 0.121 |
Dyslipydemia, n (%) | 103 (61.7) | 116 (68.6) | 92 (57.9) | 0.511 |
Intervention group MD+VOO/MD+nuts/CD, n | 44/54/74 | 64/57/54 | 76/45/42 | 0.001 |
Leisure-time physical activity, METS-min/day | 277.8 ± 261.9 | 263.0 ± 247.8 | 294.2 ± 279.4 | 0.313 |
Metabolic risk markers | ||||
C-Peptide (ng/mL) | 1.41 (1.34 to 1.49) | 1.33 (1.24 to 1.44) | 1.34 (1.25 to 1.42) | 0.374 |
Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 12.88 (11.95 to 3.89) | 13.38 (12.31 to 14.54) | 12.77 (11.75 to 13.87) | 0.685 |
GIP (pg/mL) | 92.55 (84.76 to 101.05) | 98.40 (89.70 to 107.95) | 85.72 (78.25 to 93.91) | 0.107 |
GLP-1 (ng/mL) | 1.22 (1.09 to 1.36) | 1.31 (1.17 to 1.48) | 1.16 (1.03 to 1.30) | 0.312 |
IL-6 (pg/ml) | 9.96 (8.80 to 11.27) | 10.88 (9.63 to 12.29) | 8.99 (7.93 to 10.19) | 0.102 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 2.87 (2.60 to 3.17) | 3.20 (2.88 to 3.57) | 2.91 (2.63 to 3.22) | 0.262 |
PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 3.20 (3.05 to 3.37) | 3.28 (3.11 to 3.46) | 3.37 (3.21 to 3.54) | 0.378 |
Resistin (ng/mL) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 0.413 |
TNF (pg/mL) | 13.36 (11.57 to 15.44) | 13.76 (11.89 to 15.93) | 11.35 (9.80 to 13.14) | 0.145 |
Visfatin (ng/mL) | 4.13 (3.53 to 4.84) | 4.54 (3.85 to 5.37) | 3.70 (3.13 to 4.37) | 0.225 |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 48.87 (42.67 to 55.98) | 49.51 (42.68 to 57.43) | 42.37 (35.45 to 50.64) | 0.302 |
Adipsin (μg/mL) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.24) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.28) | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.08) | 0.029 |