Table 1 Patient characteristics and variables predictive for a reduced EQ-5D score based on univariable and multivariable unconditional regression analysis

Age (years)

66.2 (57.6–73.0)

> 66 vs. ≤ 66 years

1.77 (1.47–2.13)

1.49 (1.08–2.06)

Female gender

46.7

female vs. male

1.86 (1.86–2.24)

2.11 (1.55–2.86)

BMI > 30 kg/m²

49.3

> 30 vs. ≤ 30 kg/m²

1.40 (1.16–1.68)

1.24 (0.91–1.69)

Blood glucose

 HbA1c (%)

7.4 (6.8–8.2)

> 7.4 vs. ≤ 7.4%

0.97 (0.80.1.16)

0.91 (0.64–1.28)

 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)

139 (118–167)

> 139 vs. ≤ 139 mg/dl

1.05 (0.86–1.28)

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

 Postprandial plasma glucose (mg/dl)

183 (154–220)

> 183 vs. ≤ 183 mg/dl

1.07 (0.84–1.37)

1.20 (0.85–1.71)

Antidiabetic Pharmacotherapy

 Metformin

84.6

yes vs. no

0.81 (0.63–1.61)

0.94 (0.57–1.56)

 Sulfonylureas

28.1

yes vs. no

1.13 (0.92–1.39)

1.14 (0.75–1.71)

 Glucosidase inhibitors

2.2

yes vs. no

1.19 (0.61–2.29)

1.71 (0.56–5.18)

 Glinides

4.0

yes vs. no

1.02 (0.63–1.66)

1.12 (0.50–2.52)

 Thiazolidinediones

6.4

yes vs. no

0.93 (0.64–1.35)

1.60 (0.90–2.84)

 DPP-4 inhibitors

5.0

yes vs. no

1.11 (0.73–1.7)

0.97 (0.46–2.04)

Co-morbidities

 Hypertension

85.0

yes vs. no

1.83 (1.40–2.40)

1.62 (0.93–2.84)

 CAD

18.3

yes vs. no

2.21 (1.73–2.80)

1.39 (0.83–2.31)

 Peripheral neuropathy

13.7

yes vs. no

2.51 (1.91–3.3)

1.73 (1.03–2.93)

 Heart failure

10.6

yes vs. no

2.01 (1.50–2.70)

1.14 (0.67–1.95)

 PAD

5.9

yes vs. no

1.89 (1.28–2.82)

1.46 (0.76–2.81)

 Clin. rel. depression

5.3

yes vs. no

10.16 (5.38–19.18)

11.01 (3.97–30.50)

 Stroke/TIA

5.0

yes vs. no

1.98 (1.29–3.04)

1.37 (0.69–2.73)

 Non-proliferative retinopathy

3.9

yes vs. no

1.76 (1.09–2.83)

1.08 (0.54–2.15)

 Autonomous neuropathy

3.4

yes vs. no

2.72 (1.57–4.72)

1.34 (0.56–3.17)

 Limb amputation

0.8

yes vs. no

2.38 (0.81–6.99)

0.64 (0.13–3.27)

 ≥ 2 co-morbidities*

68.2

yes vs. no

1.90 (1.55–2.33)

1.33 (0.77–2.29)

CV Pharmacotherapy

 ARB

22.3

yes vs. no

1.16 (0.93–1.45)

1.20 (0.78–1.87)

 ACE inhibitors

50.3

yes vs. no

1.34 (1.11–1.61)

1.08 (0.74–1.58)

 Beta-Blocker

47.0

yes vs. no

1.58 (1.31–1.90)

0.88 (0.64–1.23)

 CCB

26.2

yes vs. no

1.52 (1.23–1.88)

1.29 (0.92–1.81)

 Diuretics

41.2

yes vs. no

1.60 (1.32–1.93)

1.09 (0.78–1.52)

 Statins

41.7

yes vs. no

1.28 (1.06–1.54)

1.06 (0.77–1.46)

Anamn. Hypoglycaemia

11.7

yes vs. no

2.01 (1.51–2.66)

1.40 (0.88–2.22)