Table 1 Characteristics in 73 subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 94 subjects without MetS

Age (years)

56 ± 10

58 ± 9

0.082

Gender (men/women)

57/37

41/32

0.56

Alcohol intake (g/day)

4.3 (0–20)

1.3 (0–8.6)

0.004

T2DM (yes/no)

26/68

54/19

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

131 ± 19

145 ± 18

<0.001

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

81 ± 10

89 ± 9

<0.001

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

87 ± 11

104 ± 12

<0.001

<0.001

BMI (kg/m ² )

25.0 ± 3.2

29.9 ± 4.5

<0.001

<0.001

Glucose (mmol/l)

6.1 ± 1.4

8.5 ± 2.6

<0.001

<0.001

Insulin (mU/l)

5.3 (4.3-7.8)

11.5 (8.6-17.0)

<0.001

<0.001

HOMA-IR (mU × mmol)/(l ² × 22.5)

1.45 (1.04-2.14)

3.96 (2.82-6.80)

<0.001

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.58 ± 0.99

5.56 ± 1.00

0.92

0.74

LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.42 ± 0.89

3.31 ± 1.00

0.46

0.59

HDL-C(mmol/l)

1.54 ± 0.38

1.18 ± 0.34

<0.001

<0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.14 (0.85-1.56)

1.95 (1.67-2.51)

<0.001

<0.001

Total bilirubin (μmol/l)

11 (8–13)

9 (7–11)

0.013

0.009

hs-CRP (mg/ml)

1.03 (0.47-2.44)

1.97 (1.31-4.22)

<0.001

<0.001

SAA (mg/l)

1.25 (0.83-1.99)

1.76 (1.13-2.83)

0.002

0.027

ALT (U/l)

24 (20–30)

33 (24–51)

<0.001

<0.001

AST (U/l)

25 (22–28)

28 (24–33)

0.005

0.044