Table 1 Plasma inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in HFD and db/db mice treated with corresponding interventions
From: Effects of combination therapy with vildagliptin and valsartan in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes
HFD mice | |||||
| Â | CT | PHZ | ViL | VaL | ViLVaL |
CRP (ng/mL) | 51.6 ± 6.1 | 46.1 ± 4.0 (0.18) | 39.7 ± 3.4* (0.027) | 44.0 ± 4.9* (0.043) | 35.9 ± 2.2** (0.0042) |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 12.9 ± 1.6 | 12.7 ± 1.5 (0.53) | 10.9 ± 0.7* (0.023) | 10.0 ± 0.6* (0.029) | 9.0 ± 0.6* (0.011) |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 11.1 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 1.0 (0.13) | 9.8 ± 0.6 (0.09) | 10.8 ± 0.5 (0.07) | 8.7 ± 0.5* (0.032) |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 76.4 ± 7.3 | 73.5 ± 5.6 (0.21) | 67.8 ± 4.5 (0.64) | 59.4 ± 5.0* (0.033) | 45.7 ± 3.6** †(0.003) |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 15.6 ± 1.1 | 15.3 ± 1.0 (0.32) | 15.0 ± 0.9 (0.53) | 15.1 ± 0.5 (0.074) | 15.0 ± 0.09 (0.09) |
Adiponectin (μg/dL) | 8.7 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 0.7 (0.28) | 9.8 ± 0.5* (0.031) | 8.8 ± 0.6 (0.09) | 10.8 ± 0.5** (0.004) |
db/db mice | |||||
| Â | CT | PHZ | ViL | VaL | ViLVaL |
CRP (ng/mL) | 70.1 ± 4.1 | 55.1 ± 2.3* (0.039) | 46.4 ± 3.9* (0.012) | 53.3 ± 4.9* (0.024) | 38.5 ± 3.6** (0.007) |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 18.6 ± 1.0 | 15.6 ± 1.6 (0.24) | 11.8 ± 0.7** (0.002) | 10.1 ± 0.5** (0.0042) | 10.2 ± 0.5** (0.0002) |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 17.1 ± 0.9 | 14.3 ± 0.8 (0.11) | 13.2 ± 0.8* (0.045) | 12.1 ± 0.8* (0.043) | 11.9 ± 0.8* (0.039) |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 118.7 ± 8.6 | 105.6 ± 7.3 (0.43) | 73.5 ± 3.9** (0.0002) | 68.2 ± 5.6** (0.003) | 56.4 ± 3.1** (0.0005) |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 23.2 ± 1.4 | 22.6 ± 1.1 (0.18) | 22.1 ± 1.1 (0.26) | 23.5 ± 0.7 (0.31) | 23.1 ± 0.7 (0.85) |
Adiponectin (μg/dL) | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 0.5 (0.07) | 7.7 ± 0.5* (0.0015) | 6.9 ± 0.4 (0.078) | 7.15 ± 0.5* (0.0043) |