Plasma levels of advanced glycation endproducts are associated with type 1 diabetes and coronary artery calcification

Table 1 General characteristics of the coronary artery calcification study (CACS)

	Controls (n = 169)	T1DM (n = 165)	p-value
General
Age (years)	38.0 ± 3.8	37.8 ± 4.3	0.75
Sex (number of males/females)	72/97	83/82	0.16
Diabetes duration (y)	-	23.5 ± 7.6	-
HbA1c (%)	5.31 ± 0.42	8.83 ± 1.53	<0.001
Smoking, former or current (n (%))	84 (50)	75 (46)	0.44
Pack-years of smoking for former or current smokers (y)	8.6 [3.5-17.0]	10.0 [4.5-18.0]	0.87
BMI (kg/m²)	25.2 ± 4.5	25.4 ± 3.6	0.53
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.85 ± 0.08	0.87 ± 0.08	0.14
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.35 ± 1.02	5.32 ± 1.06	0.75
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.73 ± 0.40	1.84 ± 0.47	0.02
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.07 ± 0.93	2.95 ± 0.93	0.24
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.06 [0.76-1.44]	0.97 [0.77-1.35]	0.37
Systolic BP (mmHg)	117 ± 14	124 ± 14	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	72 ± 10	73 ± 9	0.22
eGFR_MDRD (ml/min/1.73 m²)	89 ± 16	97 ± 15	<0.001
CAC score (units)	0.0 [0.0-1.0]	1.0 [0.0-5.0]	<0.001
CAC score > 10 (n (%))	2 (1)	30 (18)	<0.001
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.84 [0.43-1.76]	1.04 [0.46-2.87]	0.02
sVCAM-1 (ng/mL)	985 [820–1175]	1161 [964–1374]	<0.001
vWF (%)	87 [65–108]	97 [72–126]	<0.01
Advanced glycation endproducts
Pentosidine (nmol/mmol LYS)	0.48 [0.41-0.58]	0.65 [0.55-0.81]	<0.001
CML (nmol/mmol LYS)	92.5 ± 15.7	104.6 ± 19.4	<0.001
CEL (nmol/mmol LYS)	14.5 ± 3.2	15.1 ± 3.7	0.12
THP (U/mL)	110.0 [94.0-123.2]	117.8 [102.9-135.4]	0.02

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), in case of a normal distribution of data, or as median [inter quartile range (IQR)], in case of a skewed distribution of data, unless otherwise indicated.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; eGFR_MDRD, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate by abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; CAC, coronary artery calcification; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; vWF, von Willebrand Factor; CML, N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine; CEL, N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine; THP, tetrahydropyrimidine.

ISSN: 1475-2840