The activity of circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 is associated with subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Demographic and clinical parameters in the population according to the presence or absence of diabetes

Parameters	Non-diabetic subjects	Diabetic patients	p value
Parameters	(n = 59)	(n = 83)	p value
Age (years)	63.6 ± 9.5	65.4 ± 8.4	0.214
Male/female (n, %)	33/26, 56/44	52/31, 63/37	0.264
BMI (Kg/m²)	28 ± 4.3	29.8 ± 5	0.049
SBP (mmHg)	143 ± 22	139 ± 21.4	0.333
DBP (mmHg)	80 (72-90)	75 (70-80)	0.002
MBP (mmHg)	102 ± 13.9	96.5 ± 12.3	0.016
PP (mmHg)	62.3 ± 17.5	64 ± 19.4	0.605
HbA1c (%)	5.3 (5.1-5.4)	6.7 (5.9-7.5)	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	92 (87-95)	115 (101-138)	<0.001
Comorbidities, (n, %)
Hypertension	41, 70	68, 82	0.064
Hypertriglyceridemia	8, 14	18, 22	0.158
Hypercholesterolemia	34, 58	23, 28	<0.001
Obesity	18, 30	39, 47	0.049
CKD	5, 8.5	15, 18	0.115
Treatment, (n, %)
Antidiabetic agents
Metformin	0, 0	25, 30
Sulfonylureas	0, 0	18, 22
Other oral anti-diabetic drugs	0, 0	22, 27
Insulin	0, 0	23, 28
Anti-hypertensive agents
ACEi/ARAs	16, 28	49, 59	<0.001
Diuretics	6, 10	20, 24	0.030
Ca2 + -antagonists	10, 17	19, 23	0.274
Beta-blockers	5, 9	20, 24	0.014
Other pharmacological agents
Statins	14, 24	48, 58	<0.001
Anti-coagulants	0, 0	14, 16
Anti-aggregants	14, 24	44, 53	<0.001

BMI means body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MBP, mean blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARA, angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and CKD was diagnosed if the estimated glomerular filtration rate was < 60 ml/min/1.73m² and/or microalbuminuria was present defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio between 30 and 300 mg/g. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), and categorical variables as numbers and percentages.