Table 1 Baseline characteristics, metabolic and hormonal parameters in women with GDM and healthy controls

Age, years

33.6 (0.7)

32.6 (0.4)

0.228

BMI, kg/m2

28.9 (0.7)

27.2 (0.4)

0.055

Parity

1.3 (0.2)

1.1 (0.1)

0.110

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

112.9 (1.2)

109.9 (0.9)

0.082

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70.4 (1.1)

69.7 (0.8)

0.664

Fasting glucose, mg/dl

87.4 (1.4)

78.4 (0.5)

< 0.001

Fasting insulin, mU/l

14.3 (0.9)

11.4 (0.5)

0.008

Fasting C-peptide, μg/l

2.5 (0.1)

1.6 (0.1)

< 0.001

A1C, %

5.2 (0.1)

4.8 (0.1)

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.8 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1)

0.002

HOMA-S%

72.4 (7.5)

92.1 (3.8)

0.008

HOMA-B%

151.2 (7.5)

166.7 (4.6)

0.075

Triglycerides, mg/dl

195.3 (8.3)

173.4 (6.5)

0.024

Total cholesterol, mg/dl

246.9 (5.7)

261.5 (3.7)

0.051

HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

68.9 (2.1)

75.7 (1.2)

0.005

LDL cholesterol, mg/dl

133.9 (5.3)

147.8 (2.8)

0.017

CRP, mg/dl

1.2 (0.3)

0.9 (0.6)

0.471

Creatinine, mg/dl

0.60 (0.01)

0.62 (0.01)

0.084

Estradiol, pg/ml

10113.2 (689.6)

11056.8 (447.8)

0.308

Progesterone, ng/ml

76.9 (6.9)

79.2 (3.5)

0.753