24-hour central aortic systolic pressure and 24-hour central pulse pressure are related to diabetic complications in type 1 diabetes – a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics by group

	All patients	Controls	Normoalbuminuria		Elevated albuminuria		Controls *vs.* short duration, normo-albuminuria	Long duration, normo- *vs.* micro- *vs.* macroalbuminuria
			Short duration	Long duration	Micro	Macro	p	p
	n = 629	n = 86	n = 69	n = 211	n = 163	n = 186	p	p
Female (%)	44	44	39	53	38	42	0.84	0.010
Age (years)	54 ± 13	49 ± 12	39 ± 13	57 ± 11	58 ± 13	55 ± 10	<0.001	0.031
Diabetes duration (years)	34 ± 15	n/a	6 ± 3	38 ± 11	35 ± 15	38 ± 11	N/A	0.056
HbA_1c (mmol/mol)	64 ± 13	35 ± 3	65 ± 13	62 ± 10	65 ± 13	68 ± 14	<0.001	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.7 ± 0.9	5.5 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 0.8	4.8 ± 0.7	4.6 ± 0.8	4.6 ± 1.0	<0.001	0.23
Body mass index (kg/m²)	25.5 ± 5.9	26.6 ± 5.2	24.2 ± 3.2	25.0 ± 3.8	25.8 ± 4.1	26.3 ± 9.1	0.001	0.045
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	83 ± 28	96 ± 16	107 ± 21	90 ± 20	85 ± 26	62 ± 29	<0.001	<0.001
^*UAER (mg/24-h)	18 (2–8271)	14 (4–157)	10 (4–39)	7 (2–236)	33 (4–4512)	130 (4–8271)	0.36	<0.001
Smokers (%)	21	6	23	18	19	25	0.002	0.18
Antihypertensive treatment (%)	71	0	0	56	90	98	N/A	<0.001
Cardiovascular disease (%)	21	4	1	14	30	29	0.14	<0.001
Left ventricular hypertrophy (%)	4	7	7	4	4	4	0.91	0.82
Autonomic dysfunction (%)	60	7	7	53	64	83	0.48	<0.001
Retinopathy (%)	81	0	23	83	84	96	<0.001	<0.001

Data represents percentage (%), mean ± SD or median (range). P-values are for unadjusted comparisons (ANOVA) between groups.
^*Some patients with previously persistent macroalbuminuria had values <300 mg/24 h at the time of investigation.

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