Diabetes | No Diabetes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No MVD (n = 11) | CAD (n = 12) | PAD (n = 12) | Healthy control (n = 15) | CAD (n = 13) | PAD (n = 14) | p value | ||
Demographics | ||||||||
Age (years) | 56.0 (50.0-63.0)a | 65.5 (62.0-71.0) | 70.5 ± (63.5-74.0) | 55.0 (53.0-56.0)b | 57.0 (53.0-71.0) | 59.5 (53.0-64.0) | p < 0.05 | |
Sex (% male) | 5 (46) | 6 (50) | 6 (50) | 8 (53) | 9 (69) | 8 (57) | NS | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.6 ± 2.6c | 32.2 ± 2.1c | 28.5 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 0.8 | 27.1 ± 1.0 | 23.6 ± 0.9 | p < 0.001 | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 14.2 ± 1.0 | 16.8 ± 1.5d | 11.3 ± 1.6 | - | - | - | p < 0.05 | |
Smoking (%) | 3 (27) | 1 (8) | 2 (17) | 2 (13) | 5 (39) | 8 (57)i | p < 0.05 | |
Metabolic variables | ||||||||
WBC count (106/mL) | 7.9 (5.7-11.9) | 7.0 (5.8-7.4) | 8.7 (7.4-10.2) | 5.6 (4.4-6.4)e | 5.5 (5.1-6.8) | 8.1 (5.9-9.2) | p < 0.05 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.1 ± 0.4f | 9.7 ± 1.5f | 9.5 ± 1.5f | 5.3 ± 0.1 | - | 6.0 ± 0.6 | p < 0.001 | |
HbA1c - (%) | 7.9 (7.2-9.8)f | 8.3 (6.8-8.5)f | 7.4 (6.6-8.4)f | 5.6 (5.5-5.9) | 5.8 (5.6-6.0) | 5.6 (5.5-6.0) | p < 0.001 | |
- (mmol/mol) | 62.8 (54.6-83.1)f | 66.7 (50.8-69.4)f | 57.4 (48.6-68.3)f | 37.7 (36.6-41.0) | 39.9 (37.7-42.1) | 37.7 (36.1-42.1) | p < 0.001 | |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.6-4.7) | 4.3 (3.8-5.2) | 4.3 (3.8-4.5) | 5.8 (5.0-6.3)g | 4.0 (3.6-4.5) | 4.4 (3.4-5.9) | p < 0.01 | |
Triglyceriden (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.1-2.1) | 2.1 (1.7-3.0) | 1.9 (1.3-2.2) | 1.5 (1.0-1.8) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) | 1.9 (0.9-2.8) | NS | |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | 1.1 (1.1-1.3)h | 1.1 (0.9-1.4) | 1.5 (1.4-1.9) | 1.2 (1.2-1.5) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | p < 0.05 | |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.9-2.6) | 2.1 (2.0-3.1) | 2.1 (1.6-2.7) | 3.6 (3.3-4.0)g | 2.2 (1.9-2.8) | 2.3 (1.7-3.5) | p < 0.01 | |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 64.5 (53.5-76.0) | 68.5 (66.0-79.0) | 68.0 (57.0-89.0) | 75.0 (63.0-82.0) | 80.0 (75.0-84.0) | 71.0 (63.0-79.0) | NS | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 97.3 (87.0-107.4) | 86.1 (82.7-90.3) | 80.8 (73.2-90.4) | 94.9 (87.1-97.9) | 90.0 (66.6-99.1) | 99.7 (80.2-101.5) | NS | |
BUN (mmol/L) | 6.2 (4.7-7.0) | 6.5 (5.5-7.4) | 7.0 (5.9-7.9) | 6.2 (5.5-7.0) | 6.3 (5.9-6.9) | 6.2 (4.4-6.5) | NS | |
Phosphate (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | NS | |
Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.7 (2.5-2.8) | 2.9 (2.5-3.4) | 2.9 (2.4-3.2) | 2.7 (2.3-2.9) | 2.9 (2.6-3.1) | 2.9 (2.5-3.3) | NS | |
sKlotho (pg/mL) | 581.4 (496.8-651.9) | 561.0 (463.2-747.0) | 493.7 (287.8-777.7) | 434.7 (345.8-662.9) | 490.5 (349.0-549.4) | 518.9 (401.5-570.5) | NS | |
FGF23 (RU/mL) | 131.0 (118.5-147.0) | 117.5 (106.0-256.0) | 149.0 (120.0-237.0) | 99.5 (87.0-119.0) | 97.0 (88.0-112.0) | 121.0 (105.0-140.0) | NS | |
Medication | ||||||||
Insulin (%) | 10 (91) | 11 (92) | 8 (67) | - | - | - | NS | |
Oral glucose-lowering | 6 (55) | 8 (67) | 10 (83) | - | - | - | NS | |
agents (%) | ||||||||
Statins (%) | 7 (64) | 11 (92) | 10 (83) | 1 (7)i | 13 (100)i | 10 (71) | p < 0.001 | |
ACE inhibitors (%) | 7 (64) | 5 (42) | 7 (58) | 1 (7)i | 10 (77)i | 6 (43) | p < 0.01 | |
Angiotensin II inhibitor (%) | 2 (18) | 4 (33) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 2 (14) | NS | |
Alpha blockers (%) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS | |
Beta blockers (%) | 1 (9) | 7 (58) | 3 (25) | 1 (7)i | 12 (92)i | 3 (21) | p < 0.001 | |
Calcium antagonists (%) | 4 (36) | 7 (58)i | 5 (42) | 0 (0)i | 1 (8) | 3 (21) | p < 0.01 | |
Diuretics (%) | 6 (55) | 9 (75)i | 6 (50) | 1 (7)i | 4 (31) | 3 (21) | p < 0.01 | |
Antiaggregants (%) | 2 (18)i | 9 (75) | 7 (58) | 0 (0)i | 12 (92)i | 11 (79)i | p < 0.001 | |
Anticoagulants (%) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (15) | 1 (7) | NS |