Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the subjects

UACR range (mg/mmol)

≤1.19

1.20-1.99

≥2.00

-

-

AGE (y)

63 ± 11

65 ± 10

68 ± 9

<0.001

<0.001

Male, n (%)

69(43.7)

64(40.3)

57(36.1)

0.386

0.129

Duration of diabetes (y)

6 ± 6

7 ± 7

9 ± 8

0.002

0.032

Smoking, n (%)

40(25.3)

38(23.9)

26(16.5)

0.123

0.886

Alcohol, n (%)

18(11.4)

22(13.8)

21(13.3)

0.792

0.318

BMI (kg/m²)

23.95 ± 2.89

24.94 ± 3.74

25.03 ± 3.38

0.008

0.002

WHR

0.87 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.08

0.88 ± 0.06

0.337

0.232

Hypertension, n (%)

85(53.8)

89(56.0)

113(71.5)

0.002

0.002

*SBP (mmHg)

135(115–150)

120(110–140)

130(120–140)

<0.001

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

80 ± 13

81 ± 11

84 ± 11

0.012

0.001

*FPG (mmol/L)

7.4(6.5-8.5)

7.8(6.7-9.8)

7.7(6.6-9.9)

0.049

0.025

*2 h PPG (mmol/L)

12.1(9.7-16.9)

13.9(10.9-17.1)

14.1(9.9-19.6)

0.032

0.028

HbA1c (%)

6.82 ± 1.39

6.99 ± 1.50

7.19 ± 1.53

0.089

0.026

FIN (uIU/mL)

16.57 ± 32.37

14.43 ± 10.12

15.06 ± 12.33

0.645

0.531

2 h IN (uIU/mL)

52.50 ± 47.08

50.07 ± 41.87

58.62 ± 65.39

0.331

0.946

HOMA-IR

5.34 ± 7.20

5.59 ± 4.48

5.57 ± 4.59

0.91

0.555

BUN (mmol/L)

5.98 ± 1.47

5.93 ± 1.30

6.11 ± 1.56

0.531

0.804

Scr (umol/L)

69.22 ± 15.70

65.48 ± 16.00

66.50 ± 16.73

0.102

0.069

UA (mmol/L)

0.30 ± 0.08

0.29 ± 0.08

0.28 ± 0.07

0.061

0.66

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

95.11 ± 21.27

100.10 ± 24.17

96.65 ± 23.83

0.146

0.01

TC (mmol/L)

5.13 ± 0.87

5.45 ± 1.08

5.33 ± 1.06

0.015

0.201

*TG (mmol/L)

1.63(1.03-2.26)

1.61(1.10-2.24)

1.64(1.08-2.07)

0.941

0.916

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.24 ± 0.33

1.33 ± 0.39

1.28 ± 0.36

0.716

0.689

*LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.90(2.50-3.30)

3.00(2.40-3.70)

3.00(2.50-3.60)

0.515

0.935