Table 1 Description of the study population
Men | Women | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 624) | (n = 522) | ||||
Variables of interest | n | % | n | % | |
Age in years (mean, SD*) | 67.2 (10.1) | 69.7 (10.5) | |||
Age in years | |||||
≤59 | 137 | 22.0 | 84 | 16.1 | |
60 - 69 | 193 | 30.9 | 129 | 24.7 | |
70 - 79 | 239 | 38.3 | 231 | 44.3 | |
≥80 | 55 | 8.8 | 78 | 14.9 | 0.0001 |
Years of school education | |||||
≤9 | 433 | 70.9 | 395 | 76.9 | |
10 - 12 | 104 | 17.0 | 94 | 18.2 | |
≥13 | 74 | 12.1 | 25 | 4.9 | 0.0001 |
Marital status | |||||
Single/ widowed/ divorced | 112 | 18.1 | 209 | 40.2 | |
Married | 508 | 81.9 | 311 | 59.8 | <0.0001 |
Occupational status | |||||
Employed | 158 | 26.5 | 78 | 15.7 | |
Retired | 403 | 67.5 | 318 | 63.9 | |
Housewife | 0 | 0 | 80 | 16.1 | |
Other | 36 | 6.0 | 22 | 4.4 | <0.0001 |
Smoking history | |||||
Never | 174 | 28.0 | 375 | 72.0 | |
Ex-smoker | 355 | 57.2 | 100 | 19.2 | |
Current smoker | 92 | 14.8 | 46 | 8.8 | <0.0001 |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
Abstainer | 139 | 22.3 | 283 | 54.2 | <0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m²) | |||||
<25 | 76 | 12.2 | 78 | 14.9 | |
25 - <30 | 255 | 40.9 | 187 | 35.8 | |
30 - <35 | 194 | 31.1 | 161 | 30.8 | |
≥35 | 98 | 15.8 | 96 | 18.4 | 0.19 |
Glycemic control by HbA 1c | |||||
Good (≤6.4%) | 241 | 38.6 | 213 | 41.1 | |
Moderate (6.5 - 7.4%) | 239 | 38.3 | 212 | 40.9 | |
Poor (≥7.5%) | 144 | 23.1 | 93 | 18.0 | 0.10 |
Mean HbA 1c (SD) in % | 6.9 (1.1) | 6.8 (1.0) | 0.14 | ||
Mean HDL (SD) in mg/dl | 47.7 (14.3) | 57.3 (17.2) | <0.0001 | ||
Mean systolic BP (SD) in mmHg | 137.8 (18.1) | 136.8 (19.0) | 0.41 | ||
Mean diastolic BP (SD) in mmHg | 79.4 (10.2) | 79.6 (10.5) | 0.68 | ||
Physician reported time since diabetes diagnosis | |||||
≤5 years | 241 | 38.6 | 213 | 40.8 | |
6 – 10 years | 185 | 29.7 | 146 | 28.0 | |
11 – 15 years | 104 | 16.7 | 81 | 15.5 | |
≥16 years | 94 | 15.1 | 82 | 15.7 | 0.82 |
Appointments with GPs (last 3 months) | |||||
≤1 | 260 | 41.7 | 197 | 37.9 | |
2 – 3 | 245 | 39.3 | 216 | 41.5 | |
≥4 | 119 | 19.1 | 107 | 20.6 | 0.43 |
Participation in a DMP-DM | 471 | 79.4 | 398 | 81.7 | 0.34 |
Medication adherence | |||||
Good | 455 | 75.6 | 385 | 77.0 | |
Moderate | 132 | 21.9 | 102 | 20.4 | |
Poor | 15 | 2.5 | 13 | 2.6 | 0.83 |
General health status (self-rated) | |||||
Excellent or very good | 62 | 10.0 | 40 | 7.7 | |
Good | 366 | 58.7 | 291 | 55.8 | |
Fair | 174 | 27.9 | 172 | 32.9 | |
Poor | 21 | 3.4 | 19 | 3.6 | 0.21 |
Physician diagnosed comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension | 488 | 78.3 | 407 | 78.1 | 0.93 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 350 | 56.2 | 300 | 57.8 | 0.58 |
Coronary heart disease | 147 | 23.6 | 67 | 12.8 | <0.0001 |
Heart failure | 75 | 12.0 | 64 | 12.3 | 0.89 |
Intermittent claudication | 96 | 15.4 | 36 | 6.9 | <0.0001 |
Stroke | 47 | 7.5 | 22 | 4.2 | 0.02 |
Nephropathy | 76 | 12.2 | 45 | 8.6 | 0.05 |
Retinopathy | 51 | 8.2 | 35 | 6.7 | 0.35 |
Neuropathy | 144 | 23.1 | 104 | 20.0 | 0.20 |
Depression | 67 | 10.7 | 97 | 18.6 | 0.0002 |
Cancer | 63 | 10.1 | 49 | 9.4 | 0.70 |