Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Â | Total (n = 100) | Male (n = 51) | Female (n = 49) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56 ± 7 | 55 ± 7 | 57 ± 7 | 0.277 |
Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 25.1 ± 3.2 | 25.6 ± 3.3 | 0.434 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 86.2 ± 8.0 | 87.7 ± 7.2 | 84.6 ± 8.5 | 0.059 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.303 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 ± 13 | 133 ± 13 | 127 ± 12 | 0.013* |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 79 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 0.002** |
DM duration (years) | 8.4 ± 6.7 | 8.5 ± 7.1 | 8.2 ± 6.3 | 0.803 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 0.398 |
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L) | 12.5 ± 3.8 | 11.8 ± 3.9 | 13.1 ± 3.7 | 0.104 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 0.801 |
GA (%) | 16.7 ± 3.9 | 16.8 ± 4.3 | 16.6 ± 3.4 | 0.782 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 0.056 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.115 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.101 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.139 |
HOMA-IR | 4.9 ± 7.8 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 0.032* |
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance | Â | Â | Â | Â |
EAT thickness (mm) | 11.9 ± 2.3 | 12.0 ± 2.1 | 11.8 ± 2.5 | 0.738 |
LV ejection fraction (%) | 68 ± 3 | 67 ± 3 | 69 ± 3 | 0.026* |
LV mass (g) | 83 ± 21 | 94 ± 19 | 71 ± 16 | <0.001*** |
| Â | Â | n (%) | Â | |
Hypertension | 45 (45.0) | 20 (39.2) | 25 (51.0) | 0.184 |
Smoking Hx | 18 (18.0) | 18 (36.7) | 0 (0) | <0.001*** |
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Silent myocardial ischemia | 14 (14.0) | 7 (13.7) | 7 (14.3) | 0.581 |
Silent infarction | 3 (3.0) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (2.0) | 0.515 |
Inducible ischemia | 13 (13.0) | 6 (11.8) | 7 (14.3) | 0.469 |
Both | 2 (2.0) | 1(1.9) | 1(2.0) | 0.742 |
Significant stenosis | 24 (24.0) | 14 (27.5) | 10 (20.4) | 0.278 |