Table 1 Patient characteristics, clinical measures and association with HbA1c
From: Characteristics of poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes patients in Swiss primary care
Mean ± SD or n (%) | Association with HbA1c1) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | P-value | ||
Anthropometrics and sociodemographics | |||
Age (years) | 67.1 ± 10.6 | -0.167 | 0.003 a) |
Male gender (n, %) | 187 (57.4) | 0.675 b) | |
Nationality Swiss (n, %) | 291 (91.8) | 0.228 b) | |
Living together with partner/family (n, %) | 246 (78.3) | 0.392 b) | |
Still working (n, %) | 100 (32.2) | 0.249 b) | |
Education (years) | 11.6 ± 3.2 | -0.027 | 0.632 a) |
Smoking status | 0.780 c) | ||
Current smoker (n, %) | 36 (11.5) | ||
Former smoker (n, %) | 129 (41.1) | ||
Never smoker (n, %) | 149 (47.4) | ||
Diabetes variables | |||
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.9 ± 7.6 | 0.019 | 0.740 a) |
Family history of Type 2 diabetes (n, %) | 186 (57.6) | 0.987 b) | |
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c, %) | 7.7 ± 1.3 | ||
Fasting serum glucose (mmol/l) | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 0.472 | 0.000 a) |
Severe hypoglycaemia (≥1, %) 2) | 32 (9.8) | 0.937 b) | |
Hyperglycaemic episodes (≥1, %) 2) | 19 (5.8) | 0.091 b), 4d) | |
Self monitoring of blood glucose | |||
none (n, %) | 65 (19.9) | 0.352 b) | |
daily (≥1) (n, %) | 133 (40.8) | 0.122 b) | |
weekly (≥1) (n, %) | 101 (31.0) | 0.205 b) | |
monthly (≥1) (n, %) | 27 (8.3) | 0.707 b) | |
Foot status (pathological; n, %) | 52 (16) | 0.105 b) | |
Peripheral pulse status (pathological; n, %) | 97 (29.8) | 0.387 b) | |
Monofilament test (pathological; n, %) | 42 (13.5) | 0.091 b), 4e) | |
Vibratory sensation (pathological; n, %) | 81 (24.9) | 0.735 b) | |
Annual dilated eye exam | |||
pathological (n, %) | 28 (8.7) | 0.898 b) | |
non-pathological (n, %) | 194 (60.1) | 0.376 b) | |
not conducted (n, %) | 101 (31.2) | 0.372 b) | |
Clinical and laboratory measures | |||
Number of consultations last year | 8.07 ± 6.0 | -0.051 | 0.355 a) |
Compliance (1 = very good, 4 = very bad) | 1.87 ± 0.7 | 0.161 | 0.004 a) |
0.027 c),3),4f) | |||
very good | 109 (33.6) | ||
rather good | 149 (46) | ||
rather bad | 64 (19.8) | ||
very bad | 2 (0.6) | ||
Blood pressure systolic (mmHg) | 139.1 ± 17.6 | -0.004 | 0.941 a) |
Blood pressure diastolic (mmHg) | 80.9 ± 10.5 | 0.101 | 0.070 a) |
Pulse | 73.7 ± 11.9 | 0.024 | 0.671 a) |
Body-mass index (BMI; kg/m2) | 30.6 ± 5.6 | 0.137 | 0.013 a) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 108.3 ± 12.4 | 0.105 | 0.059 a) |
Waist-hip ratio (cm/cm) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.006 | 0.910 a) |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||
Total | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 0.069 | 0.214 a) |
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 0.072 | 0.196 a) |
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | -0.088 | 0.113 a) |
Creatinine (μmol/l) | 82.1 ± 26.8 | -0.009 | 0.866 a) |
Creatinine-Clearance according to Cockcroft | 96.3 ± 47.6 | 0.108 | 0.052 a) |