Figure 4

GBE inhibits high-glucose-induced ROS generation, IL-6 and ICAM-1 expression, and monocyte adhesiveness to HAECs. (A) HAECs were incubated in high glucose or mannitol for 3 days, followed by incubation with GBE (100 μg/ml) or NAC (1 mmol/l), an antioxidant agent, for 1 day. (B) THP-1 labeled with BCECF-AM adhered to HAECs in response to high-glucose or mannitol treatment for 3 days, followed by addition of GBE or NAC for 1 day. (C) HAECs were incubated in high glucose or mannitol for 3 days, followed by incubation in GBE and NAC for 1 day. (D) HAECs were incubated in glucose or mannitol for 3 days, followed by incubation with GBE or NAC for 1 day. Human IL-6 secreted into the medium was measured using ELISA. (E) HAECs were incubated with GBE for 30 min, followed by treatment with IL-6 (5 ng/ml) cytokine for 24 h. The presence of ICAM-1 was determined by western blotting. N = 6 in each set of experiment. *p < 0.05 compared to control group; #p < 0.05 compared to high-glucose or mannitol groups.