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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the non-diabetic and diabetic groups at follow-up

From: Reduced lung function is independently associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean men

 

Non-diabetic group (n = 9,013)

Diabetic group (n = 207)

P value

Age (years)

41.3 ± 5.8

42.6 ± 5.6

0.002

Systolic BP (mmHg)

117.0 ± 12.4

122.6 ± 14.7

<0.0001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76.6 ± 9.3

80.3 ± 10.6

<0.0001

HR (n/min)

65.6 ± 8.8

68.5 ± 10.2

<0.0001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.4 ± 2.6

26.7 ± 3.3

<0.0001

TC (mmol/L)

5.42 ± 0.90

5.59 ± 0.94

0.007

TG (mmol/L)

1.73 ± 0.98

2.36 ± 1.64

<0.0001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.35 ± 0.26

1.28 ± 0.23

<0.0001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.16 ± 0.75

3.25 ± 0.73

0.072

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.20 ± 0.45

6.00 ± 0.50

<0.0001

Insulin (pmol/L)

50.58 ± 19.36

67.86 ± 31.88

<0.0001

HOMA-IR

1.69 ± 0.69

2.61 ± 1.24

<0.0001

FEV1 (L)

4.32 ± 0.81

4.13 ± 0.84

0.001

FVC (L)

4.88 ± 0.90

4.71 ± 0.86

0.010

FEV1 (%)

108.0 ± 18.7

103.5 ± 19.1

0.001

FVC (%)

100.2 ± 17.1

95.2 ± 15.3

<0.0001

Alcohol (g/day)

14.3 ± 16.1

16.6 ± 19.6

0.097

Weight class, n (%)

   

BMI <25

5,353 (59.4)

64 (30.9)

<0.0001

BMI ≥25

3,659 (40.6)

143 (69.1)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

   

Non-smoker

2,858 (31.7)

50 (24.2)

0.029

Ex-smoker

2,418 (26.8)

54 (26.1)

 

Current-smoker

3,736 (41.5)

103 (49.8)

 

Education status, n (%)

   

≤12 years

1,689 (18.7)

49 (23.7)

0.004

≤14 years

706 (7.8)

26 (12.6)

 

≥16 years

6,618 (73.4)

132 (63.8)

 

Regular exercise, n (%)

   

None

2,221 (24.6)

47 (22.7)

0.44

<1 time/week

3,523 (39.1)

90 (43.5)

 

≥1 time/week

3,269 (36.2)

70 (33.8)

 

FVC (%) quartiles, n (%)

   

Q 1 (≤89.4)

2,221 (24.6)

84 (40.6)

<0.0001

Q 2 (89.4-98.6)

2,265 (25.1)

40 (19.3)

 

Q 3 (98.6-109.1)

2,253 (25.0)

52 (25.1)

 

Q 4 (>109.1)

2,274 (25.2)

31 (15.0)

 

FEV1 (%) quartiles, n (%)

   

Q 1 (≤94.6)

2,233 (24.8)

72 (34.8)

0.005

Q 2 (94.6-105.5)

2,252 (25.0)

53 (25.6)

 

Q 3 (105.5-119.9)

2,262 (25.1)

43 (20.8)

 

Q 4 (>119.9)

2,266 (25.1)

39 (18.8)

 
  1. Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and number (percentages) for categorical variables. P values for continuous variables were obtained from the Student’s t test. P values for categorical variables were obtained from Chi-square tests. TG was expressed as raw data but was applied for statistical analysis after natural logarithmic transformation.
  2. BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment – insulin resistance; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; Q, quartile.
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840