| |
Non-diabetic group (n = 9,013)
|
Diabetic group (n = 207)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Age (years)
|
41.3 ± 5.8
|
42.6 ± 5.6
|
0.002
|
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
117.0 ± 12.4
|
122.6 ± 14.7
|
<0.0001
|
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
76.6 ± 9.3
|
80.3 ± 10.6
|
<0.0001
|
|
HR (n/min)
|
65.6 ± 8.8
|
68.5 ± 10.2
|
<0.0001
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
24.4 ± 2.6
|
26.7 ± 3.3
|
<0.0001
|
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
5.42 ± 0.90
|
5.59 ± 0.94
|
0.007
|
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.73 ± 0.98
|
2.36 ± 1.64
|
<0.0001
|
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.35 ± 0.26
|
1.28 ± 0.23
|
<0.0001
|
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
3.16 ± 0.75
|
3.25 ± 0.73
|
0.072
|
|
Glucose (mmol/L)
|
5.20 ± 0.45
|
6.00 ± 0.50
|
<0.0001
|
|
Insulin (pmol/L)
|
50.58 ± 19.36
|
67.86 ± 31.88
|
<0.0001
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
1.69 ± 0.69
|
2.61 ± 1.24
|
<0.0001
|
|
FEV1 (L)
|
4.32 ± 0.81
|
4.13 ± 0.84
|
0.001
|
|
FVC (L)
|
4.88 ± 0.90
|
4.71 ± 0.86
|
0.010
|
|
FEV1 (%)
|
108.0 ± 18.7
|
103.5 ± 19.1
|
0.001
|
|
FVC (%)
|
100.2 ± 17.1
|
95.2 ± 15.3
|
<0.0001
|
|
Alcohol (g/day)
|
14.3 ± 16.1
|
16.6 ± 19.6
|
0.097
|
|
Weight class, n (%)
| | | |
|
BMI <25
|
5,353 (59.4)
|
64 (30.9)
|
<0.0001
|
|
BMI ≥25
|
3,659 (40.6)
|
143 (69.1)
| |
|
Smoking status, n (%)
| | | |
|
Non-smoker
|
2,858 (31.7)
|
50 (24.2)
|
0.029
|
|
Ex-smoker
|
2,418 (26.8)
|
54 (26.1)
| |
|
Current-smoker
|
3,736 (41.5)
|
103 (49.8)
| |
|
Education status, n (%)
| | | |
|
≤12 years
|
1,689 (18.7)
|
49 (23.7)
|
0.004
|
|
≤14 years
|
706 (7.8)
|
26 (12.6)
| |
|
≥16 years
|
6,618 (73.4)
|
132 (63.8)
| |
|
Regular exercise, n (%)
| | | |
|
None
|
2,221 (24.6)
|
47 (22.7)
|
0.44
|
|
<1 time/week
|
3,523 (39.1)
|
90 (43.5)
| |
|
≥1 time/week
|
3,269 (36.2)
|
70 (33.8)
| |
|
FVC (%) quartiles, n (%)
| | | |
|
Q 1 (≤89.4)
|
2,221 (24.6)
|
84 (40.6)
|
<0.0001
|
|
Q 2 (89.4-98.6)
|
2,265 (25.1)
|
40 (19.3)
| |
|
Q 3 (98.6-109.1)
|
2,253 (25.0)
|
52 (25.1)
| |
|
Q 4 (>109.1)
|
2,274 (25.2)
|
31 (15.0)
| |
|
FEV1 (%) quartiles, n (%)
| | | |
|
Q 1 (≤94.6)
|
2,233 (24.8)
|
72 (34.8)
|
0.005
|
|
Q 2 (94.6-105.5)
|
2,252 (25.0)
|
53 (25.6)
| |
|
Q 3 (105.5-119.9)
|
2,262 (25.1)
|
43 (20.8)
| |
|
Q 4 (>119.9)
|
2,266 (25.1)
|
39 (18.8)
| |
- Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and number (percentages) for categorical variables. P values for continuous variables were obtained from the Student’s t test. P values for categorical variables were obtained from Chi-square tests. TG was expressed as raw data but was applied for statistical analysis after natural logarithmic transformation.
- BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment – insulin resistance; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; Q, quartile.
