Table 1 Clinical, biochemical, metabolic and vascular characteristics of the study groups

Age (yrs)

18 ± 1.5

18 ± 1.7

0.75

Sex (female/male)

8/12

13/7

0.11

Pubertal stage nr (%)

0.28

2

1

0

4

2

2

5

17

18

Smoking (n)

1

4

0.38

Body weight (kg)

71.4 ± 15.7

68.1 ± 11.3

0.54

Height (cm)

174 ± 11

173 ± 8

0.84

BMI (kg/m²)

23.5 ± 3.8

22.8 ± 4.0

0.44

Waist circumference (cm)

81.7 ± 14

76.2 ± 9

0.17

sBP (mmHg)

116 ± 12

116 ± 13

0.95

dBP (mmHg)

72 ± 9

73 ± 8

0.83

Diabetes duration yrs (range)

7.3 ± 4 (1–14)

-

Insulin dose U/kg/day

0.9 ± 0.2

-

Retinopathy

 None

12

-

 Mild

7

-

 Moderate

1

-

Microalbuminuria (yes/no)

2/18

0/20

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

8.6 ± 3.6

4.6 ± 0.3

HbA_1c (mmol/mol)

74 ± 18.6

35 ± 1.9

Fasting C-peptide (nmol/l)

0.1 ± 0.4

0.5 ± 0.2

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.9 ± 0.8

3.6 ± 0.8

0.18

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.8 ± 0.3

0.8 ± 0.3

0.87

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.3 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

0.36

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.2 ± 0.9

1.9 ± 0.5

0.13

hsCRP (mg/l)

2.1 ± 2.9

1.8 ± 2.8

0.75

GIR (mg/kg/min)

5.0 ± 2.1

7.1 ± 2.2

<0.01

S_i index [(10^-4 dl/kg/min)/(μU/ml)]

10.2 ± 6.7

14.8 ± 5.7

<0.05

cIMT (mm)

0.52 ± 0.1

0.47 ± 0.1

<0.01

CIMA (mm²)

9.92 ± 0.8

8.94 ± 1.3

<0.01

Lumen diameter (mm)

5.58 ± 0.3

5.56 ± 0.4

0.85