Table 1 Baseline characteristics between participants with cases of type 2 diabetes and control participants
Characteristics | Cases | Controls | P-values * |
|---|---|---|---|
Men | |||
No. | 215 | 215 | Â |
Age (yr) | 64.5 ± 6.6 | 64.5 ± 6.6 |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 23.4 ± 2.7 | 0.01 |
Waist (cm) | 87.0 ± 8.2 | 84.9 ± 7.7 | 0.006 |
Alcohol (% ≥ once/wk) | 74.0 | 80.5 | 0.09 |
Smoking (% current) | 19.5 | 15.3 | 0.25 |
Physical activity (% ≥ once/wk) | 74.0 | 72.1 | 0.68 |
History of hypertension (%) | 48.4 | 25.1 | <0.001 |
History of dyslipidemia (%) | 24.2 | 10.7 | <0.001 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 29.8 | 13.0 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 128.5 ± 30.9 | 97.4 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 6.3 ± 5.4 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Fatty liver index | 38.1 ± 24.0 | 28.3 ± 19.6 | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.23 ± 1.04 | 0.10 ± 0.17 | 0.07 |
Sex hormones | Â | Â | Â |
  SHBG (nmol/L) | 72.6 ± 28.3 | 76.7 ± 28.9 | 0.12 |
  Total testosterone (ng/mL) | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 5.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
  Free testosterone (ng/mL) | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | <0.002 |
Women | |||
No. | 85 | 85 | Â |
Age (yr) | 63.2 ± 7.0 | 63.2 ± 7.0 |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.7 | 21.5 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 85.6 ± 8.9 | 77.8 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
Alcohol (% ≥ once/wk) | 24.7 | 20.0 | 0.45 |
Smoking (% current) | 7.1 | 3.5 | 0.32 |
Physical activity (% ≥ once/wk) | 74.1 | 70.6 | 0.60 |
History of hypertension (%) | 57.7 | 21.2 | <0.001 |
History of dyslipidemia (%) | 35.3 | 15.3 | 0.002 |
Menopause (%) | 82.4 | 72.9 | 0.13 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 41.2 | 17.7 | 0.002 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 124.9 ± 31.5 | 96.0 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 6.8 ± 4.7 | 3.9 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
Fatty liver index | 30.2 ± 23.3 | 13.6 ± 14.0 | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.14 ± 0.22 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.003 |
Sex hormones | |||
  SHBG (nmol/L) | 79.9 ± 35.9 | 102.7 ± 32.1 | <0.001 |
  Total testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.06 |
  Free testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |