Table 1 The clinical characteristics and cerebral measurements of all patients and patients with or without asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) defined as abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging and/or stenosis on coronary angiography, and age and sex matched controls
From: Plasma NT-proBNP and white matter hyperintensities in type 2 diabetic patients
All patients | Controls | p-values1 | Patients without CAD | Patients with. CAD | p-values2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 20) | (n = 26) | (n = 10)) | (n = 10)) | |||
Sex no. (male%) | 17 (76) | 21 (81) | 0.70 | 8 (80) | 9 (90) | 0.53 |
Age, years | 57 (10) | 52 (15) | 0.28 | 51 (9) | 63 (7) | 0.005 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 12 (6) | 9 (6) | 15 (7) | 0.036 | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 31.9 (4.3) | 31.5 (4.3) | 32.2 (4.6) | 0.69 | ||
HbA1c , mmol/mol , (%) | 63 (7.9) | 53 (7.8) | 64 (8.1) | 0.66 | ||
Urinary albumin excretion rate, mg/24ha | 103 (3 – 1263) | 118 (42–618) | 95 (3 – 1263) | 0.37 | ||
P-creatinine, μmol/l | 78 (20) | 69 (17) | 88 (18) | 0.025 | ||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 133 (17) | 127 ± 15 | 138 (18) | 0.20 | ||
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.7 (0.9) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.5 (0.7) | 0.43 | ||
Vibratory perception threshold mV – mean of both sides | 31 (15) | 22 (12) | 40 (13) | 0.004 | ||
Heart rate variation during deep breathing, bpma | 8 (2–29) | 11 (5–29) | 5 (2–11) | 0.004 | ||
Retinopathy no. (%) | 11 (55) | 4 (40) | 7 (70) | 0.18 | ||
Oral antidiabetic medication no. (%) | 18 (90) | 9 (90) | 90 (90) | 1.0 | ||
Insulin treatment no. (%) | 14 (70) | 6 (60) | 8 (80) | 0.33 | ||
RAAS blockade no. (%) | 20 (100) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.0 | ||
Statin therapy no. (%) | 20 (100) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.0 | ||
Aspirin therapy no. (%) | 20 (100) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.0 | ||
Beta-blocker therapy no. (%) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) | 0.14 | ||
Calcium channel blockers no. (%) | 7 (35) | 1 (10) | 6 (60) | 0.015 | ||
Use of diuretics no. (%) | 11 (55) | 5 (50) | 6 (60) | 0.65 | ||
Current smoker no. (%) | 5 (25) | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 0.60 | ||
Carotid intima-media thickness, mm | 0.73 (0.14) | 0.70 (0.13) | 0.77 (0.14) | 0.34 | ||
NT-proBNP, ng/la | 23.9 (5.1-357,6) | 7.6 (5.1-29.1) | 125.4 (15.8-357.6) | nr | ||
MMSEa | 30 (25–30) | 30 (28–30) | 28 (25–30) | 0.035 | ||
Cerebral MRI measurements | ||||||
White matter hyperintensities, mlb | 0.79 (4.89) | 0.002 (139) | 0.0001 | 0.34 (2.75) | 1.85 (5.17) | 0.012 |
White matter hyperintensities, mla,b | 0.48 (0.29-2.92) | 0 (0–1.40) | 0.0001 | 0.42 (0.13-0.78) | 2.46 (0.36-2.92) | 0.012 |
Brain parenchymal fraction | 0.77 (0.04) | 0.82 (0.05) | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.04) | 0.74 (0.02) | 0.002 |
Intracranial volume (ICV), ml | 1443.4 (123.9) | 1441.5 (285.7) | 0.98 | 1451.0 (104.7) | 1435.8 (146.0) | 0.79 |
Grey matter volume per ICV,% | 38.9 (2.7) | 42.6 (3.2) | 0.0001 | 40.2 | 37.6 | 0.029 |
White matter volume per ICV,% | 37.6 (2.3) | 39.1 (2.1) | 0.027 | 39.0 | 36.3 | 0.006 |
Cortex volume per ICV,% | 29.9 (2.3) | 33.0 (2.7) | 0.0001 | 31.0 | 28.8 | 0.033 |
Ventricular volume per ICV,% | 3.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (0.8) | 0.002 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 0.024 |