Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population
Characteristic | All | With Atherosclerotic Event | Without Atherosclerotic Event | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | (N = 151) | (N = 17) | (N = 134) |  |
Age, years | 60.9 ± 10.0 | 64.9 ± 10.1 | 60.4 ± 9.9 | 0.079 |
Males, n (%) | 61 (40) | 10 (59) | 51 (38) | 0.10 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 89 (60) | 8 (47) | 81 (62) | 0.24 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 80 (56) | 9 (60) | 71 (55) | 0.71 |
Ever-smokers, n (%) | 27 (18) | 6 (35) | 21 (16) | 0.047 |
Family history of CVD, n (%) | 25 (17) | 2 (12) | 23 (17) | 0.57 |
Duration of DM, years | 15.2 ± 7.5 | 14.1 ± 7.8 | 15.3 ± 7.5 | 0.54 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6 ± 4.1 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 0.061 |
WHR | 88.5 ± 10.4 | 85.6 ± 8,5 | 88.9 ± 10.6 | 0.23 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140 ± 21 | 143 ± 21 | 139 ± 21 | 0.46 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78 ± 9 | 76 ± 9 | 78 ± 9 | 0.49 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 8.0 ± 2.9 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 0.38 |
HbA1c, % | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 0.94 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 0.77 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 0.69 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.46 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.73 |
GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 84 ± 22 | 74 ± 27 | 85 ± 21 | 0.059 |
Beta-blocker, n (%) | 29 (21) | 2 (13) | 27 (22) | 0.40 |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 50 (36) | 4 (25) | 46 (37) | 0.35 |
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 44 (31) | 6 (38) | 38 (30) | 0.56 |
Aspirin, n (%) | 8 (6) | 1 (6) | 7 (6) | 0.92 |
Statin, n (%) | 30 (21) | 5 (31) | 25 (20) | 0.31 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent, n (%) | 115 (82) | 13 (81) | 102 (82) | 0.92 |
Insulin, n (%) | 24 (17) | 2 (13) | 22 (18) | 0.60 |
Retinopathy, n (%) | 23 (16) | 3 (19) | 20 (16) | 0.76 |
Urine albumin g/l | 0.07 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.60 |
FRS, % | 5.0 ± 4.6 | 5.9 ± 5.0 | 4.9 ± 4.5 | 0.41 |
FMD, % | 2.8 ± 3.8 | 1.7 ± 3.9 | 2.9 ± 3.7 | 0.22 |
mmIMT, mm | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.047 |
Carotid plaque, n (%) | 85 (57) | 12 (71) | 73 (55) | 0.22 |
ABI | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.080 |
baPWV, cm/s | 1752 ± 384 | 1897 ± 373 | 1732 ± 383 | 0.20 |
CACS | 148 ± 353 | 374 ± 341 | 120 ± 346 | 0.011 |