Dietary saturated fat/cholesterol, but not unsaturated fat or starch, induces C-reactive protein associated early atherosclerosis and ectopic fat deposition in diabetic pigs

Table 1 Composition of the experimental diets

Food ingredients	Saturated fat diet plus cholesterol	Unsaturated fat diet	Starch diet
Milk protein (caseinate)	23.2	23.2	17.7
Fructose	9.2	9.2	7.1
Maltodextrin DE 19	30.8	30.8	23.6
Native pea starch	0.0	0.0	41.4
Total sugar and starch	40.0	40.0	72.1
Soy bean oil	0.0	0.0	2.7
Lecithin	0.0	1.5	0.0
Canola oil (rape oil/Lear)	0.0	2.7	0.0
Trisun 80, high oleic sunflower oil	0.0	23.0	0.0
Beef tallow	27.2	0.0	0.0
Total fat	27.2	27.2	2.7
Fiber: Fibrim 2000	9.4	9.4	7.3
Premix ¹	0.20	0.20	0.15
Cholesterol ²	1.0	0.0	0.0
Total (%)	100.0	100.0	100.0
Gross Energy (GE; MJ/kg)	23.4	23.4	17.9

The per-cent of each ingredient contributing to the total amount of diet (= 100%) is listed. Energy intake was matched among dietary groups and therefore pigs receiving the Starch diet were fed 1.32 times the amount of the high fat diet groups. Therefore the diets were homogenous except for starch or fat.
¹ This vitamin and trace mineral premix contained per kg diet: vit. A (retinol) - 1750 IU; vit. D₃ (cholecalciferol) - 200 IU; vit. E (tocopherol) - 11 IU; vit. K₁ (phylloquinone) - 0.5 mg; vit. B₁ (thiamin) - 1.0 mg; vit. B₂ (riboflavin) - 4 mg; d-pantothenic acid - 9 mg; niacin (vit. B₃, nicotinic acid) - 12.5 mg (available); biotin (vit. H) - 50 μg; vit. B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin) - 15 μg; folic acid (folacin) - 0.3 mg; vit. B₆ (pyridoxin) - 1.5 mg; choline - 400 mg; Fe - 80 mg; Zn - 54 mg; Mn - 30 mg; Co - 0.15 mg; I - 0.14 mg; Se - 0.25 mg; antioxidants (E310,320,321) - 50 mg; with maize starch as carrier.
² Cholesterol has no energetic value and therefore 1 kg cholesterol was supplemented per 100 kg diet.

ISSN: 1475-2840