Serum leptin is associated with cardiometabolic risk and predicts metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese adults

Li, Wen-Cheng; Hsiao, Kuang-Yu; Chen, I-Chuan; Chang, Yu-Che; Wang, Shih-Hao; Wu, Kuan-Han

doi:10.1186/1475-2840-10-36

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 1 General characteristics of the study population according to sex-specific leptin levels.

From: Serum leptin is associated with cardiometabolic risk and predicts metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese adults

	Leptin levels
Characteristics	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P -value^c
Men	(n = 149)	(n = 186)	(n = 181)	(n = 171)
Age^a, y	34.9 ± 7.7	34.5 ± 6.8	36.5 ± 8.6	34.7 ± 5.3	0.041*
Body mass index^a, kg/m²	21.5 ± 2.3	23.6 ± 2	25.7 ± 2.5	27.8 ± 3.2	< 0.001*
Waist circumference^a, cm	76.1 ± 5.9	82.2 ± 5	87.9 ± 6.9	92.7 ± 7.7	<0.001*
Tobacco usage^b, n (%)	65 (43.6)	76 (40.9)	77 (42.5)	75 (43.6)	0.947
Systolic blood pressure^a, mm Hg	119.6 ± 9.7	122 ± 11.2	125.9 ± 11.9	127.7 ± 13.7	< 0.001*
Diastolic blood pressure^a, mm Hg	74.7 ± 7.1	76.3 ± 8.2	78.4 ± 7.5	81.3 ± 9.9	< 0.001*
Total cholesterol^a, mg/dL	179.5 ± 29.5	189.4 ± 28.6	192.2 ± 31	198.6 ± 36.8	< 0.001*
Triglyceride^a, mg/dL	91.2 ± 44.4	128.2 ± 114.6	144.3 ± 83.5	153.8 ± 87	< 0.001*
Fasting plasma glucose^a, mg/dL	89.1 ± 19.2	90.5 ± 19.5	92.1 ± 14.8	93.2 ± 13.4	0.135
Uric acid^a, mg/dL	6.2 ± 1	6.7 ± 1.3	6.9 ± 1.2	7.2 ± 1.3	< 0.001*
HDL cholesterol^a, mg/dL	56.6 ± 13.2	51.2 ± 11.2	47.5 ± 9.2	46.9 ± 9.2	< 0.001*
LDL cholesterol^a, mg/dL	115.5 ± 27.5	126.1 ± 26.2	131 ± 29.3	137.6 ± 33.3	< 0.001*
Homocysteine^a, umol/L	10.5 ± 3	10.2 ± 3.3	10.1 ± 3.3	10.8 ± 5.7	0.338
Leptin^a, ng/mL	1.4 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.5	5.2 ± 0.7	10.3 ± 4.7	< 0.001*
Metabolic syndrome^b, n (%)	60 (40.3)	125 (67.2)	141 (77.9)	137 (79.7)	< 0.001*
Percentage of CVD risk^a	2.47 ± 4.14	3.49 ± 4.36	5.03 ± 4.69	4.91 ± 4.02	< 0.001*
Women	(n = 65)	(n = 67)	(n = 68)	(n = 69)
Age^a, y	36.5 ± 11.3	37.7 ± 12	38.5 ± 10.9	41.3 ± 12.7	0.111
Body mass index^a, kg/m²	19.8 ± 2	20.9 ± 1.9	22.1 ± 2.4	24.8 ± 3.6	<0.001*
Waist circumference^a, cm	68.6 ± 7	69.6 ± 5.6	73 ± 7.3	79.4 ± 10.3	< 0.001*
Tobacco usage^b, n (%)	4 (6.2)	3 (4.5)	2 (2.9)	2 (2.9)	0.717
Systolic blood pressure^a, mm Hg	110.7 ± 13.4	110.2 ± 11.1	112.5 ± 13.8	118.2 ± 15.2	0.002*
Diastolic blood pressure^a, mm Hg	69.9 ± 8.4	68.6 ± 6.9	70.7 ± 10.2	73.7 ± 7.2	0.004*
Total cholesterol^a, mg/dL	180.4 ± 30.9	181 ± 33.3	187 ± 28.9	195.9 ± 33.3	0.016*
Triglyceride^a, mg/dL	84.1 ± 60.4	85.1 ± 98.5	90.5 ± 42.8	123.9 ± 82.8	0.005*
Fasting plasma glucose^a, mg/dL	87.7 ± 24.3	88.9 ± 12.8	87.5 ± 7.4	92.2 ± 17.7	0.325
Uric acid^a, mg/dL	4.7 ± 0.8	4.6 ± 0.9	4.9 ± 1.1	5.3 ± 1.1	<0.001*
HDL cholesterol^a, mg/dL	64.2 ± 14.2	63.6 ± 12.2	61.2 ± 13.9	57.6 ± 11.6	0.016*
LDL cholesterol^a, mg/dL	107.8 ± 28.6	109.4 ± 28.9	117.5 ± 26.4	126.5 ± 31.7	0.001*
Homocysteine^a, umol/L	7.8 ± 1.9	7.6 ± 1.7	7.6 ± 1.7	7.8 ± 1.4	0.727
Leptin^a, ng/mL	4.8 ± 1.3	7.5 ± 0.6	10.9 ± 1.3	17.6 ± 3.9	< 0.001*
Metabolic syndrome^b, n (%)	21 (32.3)	26 (38.8)	31 (45.6)	43 (62.3)	0.003*
Percentage of CVD risk^a	-0.38 ± 4.14	0.19 ± 5.01	0.75 ± 5.41	2.72 ± 6.39	0.005*

Serum leptin levels were categorized into quartiles (Q1-4) according to the leptin levels (Q1, < 2.4 ng/mL; Q2, 2.4 to < 4.2 ng/mL; Q3, 4.2 to < 6.65 ng/mL; and Q4 ≥ 6.65 ng/mL for males and Q1, < 6.8 ng/mL; Q2, 6.8 to <9.0 ng/mL; Q3, 9.0 to < 13.1 ng/mL; and Q4, ≥ 13.1 ng/mL for females).
^a,b Clinical characteristics were presented as mean ± SD for ^acontinuous variables and n (%) for ^bcategorical variables.
^c P-values were derived through one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.

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ISSN: 1475-2840

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