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Table 1 Characteristics of NHANES participants with diabetes*, 1999-2008

From: Trends in utilization of lipid- and blood pressure-lowering agents and goal attainment among the U.S. diabetic population, 1999-2008

 

1999-2000

(n = 149)

2001-2002

(n = 220)

2003-2004

(n = 209)

2005-2006

(n = 240)

2007-2008

(n = 396)

 

Characteristic

n

Value

n

Value

n

Value

n

Value

n

Value

P

Diabetes diagnosed (%)

98

70.3 (5.0)

144

69.2 (4.1)

158

72.0 (3.6)

182

73.0 (3.9)

303

75.1 (2.1)

0.2203

Age at screening (years)

149

55.4 (1.7)

220

57.0 (1.2)

209

59.1 (1.8)

240

59.2 (1.3)

396

60.0 (0.8)

0.0146

Male (%)

70

52.7 (4.3)

124

58.4 (4.2)

112

56.3 (3.6)

120

45.0 (4.5)

204

52.2 (3.2)

0.2156

Race/ethnicity (%)

          

0.9490

   Non-Hispanic white

51

66.5 (6.8)

100

65.3 (5.3)

93

66.9 (7.5)

104

66.0 (5.6)

179

66.7 (5.6)

 

   Non-Hispanic black

30

11.9 (2.6)

46

13.9 (2.2)

40

13.0 (3.6)

75

16.7 (3.0)

91

16.0 (3.9)

 

   Mexican American

53

6.4 (1.9)

56

6.5 (1.2)

61

8.4 (3.8)

52

9.9 (2.0)

70

8.4 (2.4)

 

   Other

15

15.2 (7.4)

18

14.3 (5.3)

15

11.6 (3.5)

9

7.4 (2.8)

56

8.9 (2.6)

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

148

31.9 (1.1)

208

31.9 (1.1)

203

31.0 (0.7)

234

33.4 (0.5)

383

32.0 (0.5)

0.0072

Blood pressure (mmHg)

           

   Systolic

149

130.8 (1.3)

220

131.8 (1.5)

209

129.5 (2.0)

240

130.5 (1.7)

396

129.7 (1.4)

0.0198

   Diastolic

149

71.5 (2.1)

220

71.7 (1.4)

209

69.1 (1.4)

240

68.1 (1.2)

396

68.7 (0.9)

<0.0001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

149

201.7 (4.1)

220

195.6 (2.6)

209

198.3 (3.2)

240

191.4 (3.5)

396

180.6 (2.6)

0.0001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

149

121.9 (3.1)

220

116.6 (2.1)

209

114.3 (2.9)

240

107.4 (2.6)

396

102.3 (2.3)

<0.0001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

149

42.6 (1.3)

220

48.0 (1.6)

209

49.8 (1.4)

240

52.4 (1.6)

396

49.2 (0.8)

<0.0001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

149

186.7 (8.3)

220

155.5 (4.6)

209

170.6 (9.2)

240

157.7 (5.7)

396

145.8 (2.9)

0.0285

Medication use (%)‡

           

   Antidiabetics§

72

40.3 (7.6)

113

52.2 (4.0)

125

53.4 (4.0)

166

65.9 (4.0)

268

66.2 (2.8)

<0.0001

   Antihyperlipidemics║

31

19.5 (3.9)

54

23.9 (3.8)

81

42.4 (3.5)

97

40.6 (4.3)

163

42.2 (3.6)

<0.0001

   Antihypertensives¶

63

35.4 (5.4)

114

46.2 (4.3)

116

49.6 (3.5)

145

59.7 (2.7)

236

58.9 (3.1)

<0.0001

Cardiovascular disease history (%)‡

           

   Coronary heart disease#

26

15.4 (4.7)

38

12.9 (2.4)

37

18.6 (4.9)

42

16.0 (1.9)

79

20.9 (2.3)

0.1603

   Congestive heart failure

9

5.8 (2.8)

17

5.3 (1.4)

15

6.4 (2.5)

24

9.4 (1.7)

36

9.0 (1.8)

0.1314

   Stroke

4

3.5 (2.3)

11

3.9 (1.4)

18

8.3 (2.1)

31

11.7 (3.5)

39

9.3 (2.2)

0.0104

Hypertension (%)**

109

66.6 (7.2)

176

76.4 (2.5)

155

69.4 (4.3)

188

75.5 (2.9)

307

74.2 (2.6)

0.3724

  1. Values are weighted percent (standard error) or mean (standard error). Estimates were standardized to the July 2008 U.S. census population ≥20 years of age.
  2. To convert total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.
  3. *Diabetes was identified by self report, self-reported use of insulin or oral medications for diabetes, or fasting glucose ≥6.99 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). †P values are for 1999-2000 versus 2007-2008; P value for race/ethnicity compares the distribution of race/ethnicity categories. ‡All drug utilization and disease history was self-reported. §Any antidiabetic agents including insulin and oral medications for diabetes. ║Any lipid-lowering agents including statins, fibric acid derivatives, bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and other antihyperlipidemic agents. ¶Any antihypertensive agents including β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and other BP-lowering agents. #Coronary heart disease was identified by self report of heart disease, angina, or myocardial infarction. **Hypertension was defined as an average BP >130 mmHg systolic or >80 mmHg diastolic, or self-reported use of antihypertensive agents.