Parameters | Normal (n = 131) | Non-diabetic MetS (n = 101) | Type 2 diabetes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  | without MetS (n = 76) | with MetS (n = 227) |
Gender% | Male/Female | 18.5/29.2 | 23.9/14.8 | 17.7/11.3 | 39.9/44.7 |
 | Malay | 25.9 | 17.5 | 13.7 | 43.0 |
Races % | Chinese | 36.1 | 22.1 | 14.8 | 27.0 |
 | Indian | 12.1 | 18.8 | 14.8 | 54.4 |
Age (yrs) | Â | 47.2(44.9-49.7) | 52.1(50.0-54.3) | 49.8(47.6-52.1) | 51.4(50.5-52.4) |
 | p-value |  | a 0.003 | a0.349 | a 0.002 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | Â | 22.7(22.1-23.3) | 27.2(26.4-28.0) | 23.34(22.5-24.3) | 29.8(29.2-30.3) |
 | p-value |  | a 3.8 × 10 -13 | a0.515, b6.2 × 10-10 | a 3.8 × 10 -13 , b 3.2 × 10 -6 , c 3.8 × 10 -13 |
Waist circumference (cm) | Â | 79.2(77.4-81.1) | 94.5(92.8-96.3) | 82.9(80.7-85.2) | 98.6(97.4-99.7) |
 | p-value |  | a 3.8 × 10 -13 | a 0.02 , b 4.2 × 10 -13 | a 3.8 × 10 -13 , b 0.006, c 3.8 × 10 -13 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Â | 80.0(78.4-81.5) | 85.6(83.6-87.6) | 79.3(77.1-81.5) | 83.1(81.7-84.5) |
 | p-value |  | a 1.7 × 10 -4 | a0.966, b2.3 × 10-4 | a0.02, b0.004, c0.02 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Â | 130(127-134) | 139(136-143) | 129(125-134) | 136(134-139) |
 | p-value |  | a 0.002 | a0.965, b0.002 | a0.02, c0.02 |
Triglyceride (mmol/l) | Â | 1.08(1.00-1.17) | 1.59(1.46-1.72) | 1.38(1.19-1.57) | 1.78(1.66-1.91) |
 | p-value |  | a 1.6 × 10 -6 | a 0.02 | a 3.6 × 10 -13 , c 0.001 |
High Density Lipoprotein (mmol/l) | Â | 1.54(1.48-1.61) | 1.26(1.20-1.31) | 1.22(1.15-1.29) | 1.15(1.11-1.18) |
 | p-value |  | a 1.2 × 10 -10 | a 2.6 × 10 -12 | a 4.8 × 10 -13 , b 0.008 |
Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/l) | Â | 5.02(4.93-5.10) | 5.36(5.23-5.49) | 8.05(7.41-8.74) | 7.74(7.39-8.11) |
 | p-value |  | 0.24a | a 3.8 × 10 -13 , b 3.8 × 10 -13 | a 3.8 × 10 -13 , b 3.8 × 10 -13 |
Insulin (pmol/l) | Â | 45.7(41.7-50.1) | 77.3(69.6-85.8) | 63.7(52.9-76.5) | 120(110-131) |
 | p-value |  | a 7.3 × 10 -9 | a 0.002 | a 4.1 × 10 -13 , b 5.0 × 10 -8 , c 1.4 × 10 -12 |
Insulin resistance (IR) | Â | 0.91(0.83-1.01) | 1.53(1.37-1.69) | 1.49(1.24-1.77) | 2.59(2.38-2.81) |
 | p-value |  | a 1.0 × 10 -6 | a 3.2 × 10 -5 | a 4.1 × 10 -13 , b 2.5 × 10 -12 , c 3.8 × 10 11 |