Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to influence adipose tissue function

Table 1 Differential effects of currently available interventions in the treatment of adipose tissue dysfunction

Intervention	Mechanism of action responsible for the effect on cytokines and adipokines	Effect on cytokines and adipokines
Diet	Weight loss	Adiponectin↑, leptin↓, IL-6↓, sTNF-α receptor type 1↓
Orlistat	Weight loss	Adiponectin↑, resistin↓, leptin↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓
Sibutramine	Weight loss	Adiponectin↑, resistin↓, leptin↓, IL-10↑, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓
CB1-antagonists	Weight loss	Adiponectin↑, leptin↓
	Effects through PPARγ activation
Bariatric surgery	Weight loss	Adiponectin↑, HMW adiponectin↑, RBP-4↓, PAI-1↓, MIF↓, MCP-1↓, IL-18↓
	Effects on gut hormones
Exercise	Weight loss	Adiponectin↑, resistin↓, RBP-4↓, IL-6↓, IL-18↓
Salicylates	Anti-inflammatory	Adiponectin↑
	COX-2 inhibition
β-blocker	β₂ adrenoreceptor activation	Adiponectin ↑, leptin↓
Aldosteron antagonists	Aldosteron antagonism	PAI-1↓
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors	Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system	Adiponectin↑
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers	Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system	Adiponectin↑, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓
	Effects through PPARγ activation
(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors	Anti-inflammatory	Adiponectin↑↓, visfatin↓
Fibrates	Effects through PPARα activation	Adiponectin↑, RBP-4↓, PAI-1↓, MCP-1↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓
	Effects through PPARγ activation
Metformin	Anti-inflammatory	Vaspin↓, MIF↓
	AMPK activation
Thiazolidinediones	Effects through PPARγ activation	Adiponectin↑, HMW adiponectin↑, leptin↑, RBP-4↓, PAI-1↓

AMPK: AMP activated protein kinase, CB-1 antagonists: Cannabinoid-1 antagonist, IL: Interleukin, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIF: Macrophage Inhibitory Factor, PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PPAR: Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors, RBP-4: Retinol Binding Protein 4, TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

ISSN: 1475-2840