Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study subjects

Age (years)

54.07

± 8.14

53.1

± 6.81

56.47

± 6.04

0.169

Gender (M:F)

12

: 18

10

: 20

15

: 15

0.418

BMI (kg/m²)

23.99

± 2.88

23.89

± 2.29

24.18

± 2.11

0.895

Waist circumference (cm)

85.19

± 6.05^a

93.68

± 6.76^b

95.12

± 3.98 ^b

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

119.67

± 12.73 ^a

119.33

± 10.56 ^a

129.83

± 17.95 ^b

0.007

DBP (mmHg)

77.67

± 10.06

74.5

± 8.55

77.72

± 9.92

0.332

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.16

± 0.55 ^a

7.06

± 2.06 ^b

7.28

± 1.53 ^b

< 0.001

HOMA_IR

1.66

(0.92, 2.52) ^a

2.7

(1.91, 4.10) ^b

2.96

(1.92, 3.86) ^b

0.002

HbA1c

5.68

± 0.34 ^a

7.27

± 1.04 ^b

7.4

± 0.94 ^b

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.58

± 0.81

2.28

± 0.60

2.27

± 0.50

0.122

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.41

± 0.39

1.24

± 0.34

1.29

± 0.27

0.159

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.02

(0.70, 1.56)

1.17

(0.98, 2.29)

1.36

(1.02, 1.68)

0.057

hsCRP (mg/dL)

0.56

(0.34, 1.45)

0.57

(0.35, 1.21)

0.45

(0.30, 1.13)

0.428

Carotid IMT (cm)

0.84

± 0.11 ^a

0.86

± 0.12 ^a

0.98

± 0.16 ^b

< 0.001

baPWV (m/sec)

13.26

± 1.77 ^a

14.29

± 2.57 ^a

16.22

± 3.07 ^b

< 0.001

Current smoker (%)

26.77

30

46.67

0.218

Statin (%)

10.00 ^a

33.33 ^ab

40.44 ^b

0.024

Anti-platelet agent (%)

6.67

6.67

26.67

0.031

ARB or ACE inhibitor (%)

10.00 ^a

16.67 ^ab

40.00 ^b

0.013

Calcium channel blocker (%)

10

13.33

20

0.533

Insulin (%)

-

13.33

16.66

0.718

Sulfonylurea (%)

-

33.33

43.33

0.426

Glucophage (%)

-

53.33

56.66

0.795

Thiazolidinedione (%)

-

10

13.33

0.688

Duration of diabetes (years)

-

8.47

± 5.46

12.17

± 7.35

< 0.001