Table 3 Courtesy [8, 9] The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM
A-FLIGHT toxicities | ||
|---|---|---|
A | Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity | ROS |
Ang II (also induces PKC) | ROS | |
AGEs/AFEs (advanced glycosylation/fructosylation endproducts) | ROS | |
Antioxidant reserve compromised | ROS | |
Absence of antioxidant network | ROS | |
Ageing | ROS | |
Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1) | ROS | |
Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS] | ROS | |
F | Free fatty acid toxicity | ROS |
L | Lipotoxicity | ROS |
I | Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous) | ROS |
Inflammation toxicity | ROS | |
G | Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress Sorbitol / polyol pathway | ROS plus |
Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased) | PKC | |
H | Hypertension toxicity | ROS |
t homocysteine toxicity | ROS | |
T | Triglyceride toxicity | ROS |