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Table 3 Courtesy [8, 9] The manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM

From: Intimal redox stress: Accelerated atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atheroscleropathy

 

A-FLIGHT toxicities

 

A

Amylin (hyperamylinemia)/amyloid toxicity

ROS

 

Ang II (also induces PKC)

ROS

 

AGEs/AFEs (advanced glycosylation/fructosylation endproducts)

ROS

 

Antioxidant reserve compromised

ROS

 

Absence of antioxidant network

ROS

 

Ageing

ROS

 

Angiogenesis (induced redox stress) Arteriogenesis (impaired PAI-1)

ROS

 

Atherosclerosis – Atheroscleropathy. [ROS beget ROS]

ROS

F

Free fatty acid toxicity

ROS

L

Lipotoxicity

ROS

I

Insulin toxicity (hyperinsulinemia-hyperproinsulinemia) (endogenous)

ROS

 

Inflammation toxicity

ROS

G

Glucotoxicity (compounds peripheral insulin resistance) reductive stress Sorbitol / polyol pathway

ROS plus

 

Pseudohypoxia (NADH/NAD increased)

PKC

H

Hypertension toxicity

ROS

 

t homocysteine toxicity

ROS

T

Triglyceride toxicity

ROS

  1. See reference [8, 9]